The study characterizes the aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase AAC(6')-Ib and its bifunctional variant AAC(6')-Ib-cr, which confers resistance to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. The structural and kinetic analyses reveal the mechanism of action and the impact of specific mutations on substrate specificity.

The paper discusses various aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, particularly focusing on AAC(6')-Ib, AAC(6')-Ib-cr, and AAC(6')-Ib 11, which confer resistance to aminoglycosides like amikacin and gentamicin, and in some cases, quinolones.

The paper discusses various virulence factors and mechanisms contributing to the pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii, including biofilm formation, surface polysaccharides, and outer membrane proteins.

The paper highlights the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens, focusing on extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) such as CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-14, carbapenemases like KPC-2, VIM-2, and IMP-6, and aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes such as aac(6')-Ib-cr and armA. It emphasizes the global dissemination of these resistance mechanisms and their impact on treatment options.

The study reports the first description of Escherichia coli producing CTX-M-15 extended spectrum beta lactamase in out-patients from South-eastern Nigeria. It identifies bla CTX-M-15, aac(6')-Ib-cr, bla TEM, and bla OXA-1 as the primary AMR genes in the isolates.

The study identified multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strains in urban rats, including an ESBL-producing strain (IMT20717) carrying bla CTX-M-9, bla TEM-1-like, sul2, strA, strB, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, and aadA. These strains exhibited resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes, including beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identified bla CTX-M-15 and bla SHV-12 as the predominant ESBL genes in multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates in Antananarivo, along with other resistance genes such as aac(6')-Ib, tetA, sul1, sul2, qnrA, qnrB, and catB-3.

The study identifies the blaNDM-1 gene on plasmid pKPX-1 as a key factor in carbapenem resistance in a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate. It also characterizes additional resistance genes such as aac(6')-Ib, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aph(3')-I, strB, qnrB, tetA, catA1, and catB4, which contribute to resistance against aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol.

The study identifies several AMR genes including aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, dfrA1, dfrA12, dfrA7, dfrA16, qnrA, qnrB, and aac(6')-lb-cr in E. coli strains from Kenya, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains and the role of integrons and mobile genetic elements in resistance dissemination.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, including beta-lactamases (bla TEM-1, bla OXA-1, bla CTX-M-15), aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (aac(6')-Ib-cr, aadA1a, aadA4, aadA5, aph(6')-Id, aph(3')-Ia), and quinolone resistance mutations (gyrA S83L/D87N, parC S80I/E84V). These genes and mutations were validated through whole-genome sequencing and phenotypic testing.

The study identified bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-15, and other bla CTX-M variants as the major genes responsible for plasmid-mediated resistance to cefotaxime in E. coli from veal calves. Additionally, aac(6')-Ib-cr was found to confer resistance to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones.

The study focuses on the aac(6′)-Ib gene, which encodes an aminoglycoside 6′-N-acetyltransferase, and its variant aac(6′)-Ib-cr, which expands the resistance spectrum to include quinolones. Both genes were experimentally validated for their roles in aminoglycoside resistance.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in E. coli isolates from the San Pedro River, including blaTEM, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and tet(B), as well as mutations in gyrA and parC contributing to quinolone resistance.

The study reports an outbreak of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a French ICU, carrying the genes blaCTX-M15, qnrB1, and aac(6')-Ib-cr, which confer resistance to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, and tobramycin respectively.

The study identified multiple AMR genes including blaTEM, floR, tetA, strA, and aac(6')-Ib-cr in multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovars Indiana and Enteritidis from chickens in Eastern China.

The study identifies the spread of CMY-2, CMY-41, and CMY-64 beta-lactamase genes in multidrug-resistant E. coli from food animals in China, highlighting the role of IncA/C plasmids in their transfer and the coexistence of other resistance genes such as qnrS1, floR, aac-(6′)-Ib-cr, oqxA, and rmtB.

The study identifies multiple antibiotic resistance genes in the NDM-1-encoding Klebsiella pneumoniae strain, including eight beta-lactamase genes and various other resistance determinants, highlighting the complexity of its resistance profile.

The study identified fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolates with mutations in gyrA and parC genes, as well as aac(6')-Ib-cr, aacC1, aadA1, aadB, and aacC2 genes associated with gentamicin resistance.

The study identified bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-2, bla CTX-M-56, qnr B1, qnr S1, bla CMY-2, and aac(6')-Ib-cr as significant AMR genes in E. coli O25b-B2-ST131 isolates in Kuwait. These genes contribute to resistance against various antibiotics including cephalosporins, penicillins, beta-lactamase inhibitors, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides.

The study identifies the aac(6')-Ib-cr4, strA, and sul2 genes as responsible for aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolone, and sulfonamide resistance in the quinolone-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104B clinical strain Se20.

The study identified several plasmid-mediated resistance genes, including bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-24, bla TEM-52, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-55, bla SHV-12, bla CTX-M-8, bla CTX-M-25, bla CTX-M-28, bla CMY-2, qnrS1, qnrB19, and aac(6′)-Ib-cr, in Escherichia coli isolates from rooks in Europe.

The study identified ESBL-producing E. coli isolates carrying bla CTX-M-15 and PMQR genes such as qnrS1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qnrB in human and domestic animal samples from villages, but no ESBL or PMQR genes were found in wildlife from Taï National Park.

The study identifies the dissemination of IncF-type plasmids carrying the blaCTX-M-15, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrB, and qnrS genes among multiresistant CTX-M-15-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates from surgical-site infections in Bangui, Central African Republic.

The study reports the identification of blaNDM-5 along with multiple other antibiotic resistance genes in a multidrug-resistant E. coli isolate, highlighting the complex resistance profile of the strain.

The study identified bla CTX-M-15, aac (3)-IIa, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, qnrB4, qnrS1, aac (6')-Ib-cr, bla OXA-1, bla TEM-1B, bla SHV-12, bla CMY-42, bla DHA-1, mphA, ermB, catA1, catB3, sul1, sul2, dfrA12, dfrA17, dfrA1, dfrA5, tetA, tetB, and tetD as key AMR genes in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates in Nepal, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance.

The study identifies multiple antibiotic resistance genes on the IncF plasmid pEC958 from E. coli ST131, including blaCTX-M-15, aac(6')-Ib-cr, blaOXA-1, catB4, mph(A), dfrA17, aadA5, sulI, and tet(A). These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, macrolides, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline.

The paper discusses the various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, efflux pumps, and porin mutations. It highlights the role of specific genes such as bla TEM-24, bla CMY-10, ampC, aac (6')-Ib, aac (6')-Ib-cr, qnrA, qnrS, oqxAB, acrAB-TolC, mcr, bla OXA-1, bla OXA-30, bla CTX-M-15, bla NDM-1, bla VIM, bla KPC, and bla OXA-48 in conferring resistance to various antibiotics.

The study characterizes various antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in Aeromonas strains, highlighting the presence of beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, tetracycline resistance genes, and others. These genes are often located on plasmids and contribute to multidrug resistance.

The study identifies the emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene qnrA2 in ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae in Kuwait, along with the dissemination of qnrB1 and qnrS genes, contributing to increased fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies colistin-resistant ESBL-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae harboring bla CTX-M-15, bla SHV-11, bla OXA-1, bla TEM-1b, and aac(6')-Ib-cr, as well as OXA-23-producing Acinetobacter baumannii sensitive to colistin.

The study identified several AMR genes, including bla CTX-M, bla TEM, armA, aadA2, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and ant(2")-Ia, in Enterobacter cloacae isolates from Algeria and France, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance in these isolates.

The study identified various extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes, including bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-55, bla CTX-M-65, and bla TEM-52, along with plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes such as oqxAB, qnrS, qnrB, qepA, and aac(6')-Ib-cr in Escherichia coli isolates from piglets with post-weaning diarrhea in Heilongjiang province, China.

The study found a high prevalence of aac(6')-Ib-cr and qnrB genes among quinolone and cephalosporin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, with a significant association between their co-carriage and resistance to quinolones, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides.

The draft genome sequence of Proteus mirabilis NO-051/03 reveals the presence of multiple acquired resistance genes, including blaCMY-16 and blaTEM-1b, which confer resistance to β-lactams, as well as genes for resistance to aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, trimethoprim, and sulfonamides. Additionally, mutations in gyrA, gyrB, and parC contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified several plasmid-mediated resistance genes in fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria, including aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrS, qnrD, oqx A, blaTEM, blaOXA, blaCTX-M, blaSHV, tet(A), tet(K), tet(L), and tet(S). These genes were found to confer resistance to fluoroquinolones, beta-lactams, and tetracyclines.

The qnrVC5 gene from Vibrio fluvialis was characterized as a quinolone resistance determinant that increases MIC values of various quinolones in both native and heterologous hosts.

The study found that ESBL-plasmid carriage does not reduce fitness but enhances virulence in some strains of pandemic E. coli lineages. It identified several AMR genes on the ESBL-plasmids, including beta-lactamases (blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-14), tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetR), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aadA, aac(6')-Ib-cr), chloramphenicol resistance gene (catB4), sulfonamide resistance gene (sul2), streptomycin resistance genes (strA, strB), dihydrofolate reductase genes (dhfrVII, dfrA17), and aminoglycoside phosphotransferase gene (aph(3')-Ia). Non-antibiotic resistance genes such as finO, traT, icc, yfaX, yihA, and hha were also identified.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in K. pneumoniae isolates from food samples, including beta-lactamases (blaSHV, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-10), folate pathway inhibitor gene (dhfr), quinolone resistance genes (qnrB, qnrA, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aacA4, aacC2, aadA1), and mutations in gyrA and parC genes associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies multiple antibiotic resistance genes, including oqxAB, bla CTX-M, aac(6')-Ib-cr, floR, qnrS1, rmtB, fosA3, pcoA, and silE, on ST3-IncHI2 plasmids from E. coli isolates of food-producing animals, highlighting the co-spreading of metal and antibiotic resistance.

The study reports the first occurrence of NDM-5-producing Escherichia coli in Egypt, highlighting the emergence of carbapenem resistance and the presence of additional resistance genes such as blaCTX-M-15, blaCMY-42, blaOXA-1, and aac(6')-Ib-cr.

The study identified multiple extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes, including blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-55, and blaSHV-2, as well as the AmpC β-lactamase gene blaDHA-1, in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from companion animals in Japan. Additionally, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes such as qnrS, qnrB, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and oqxAB were detected, contributing to resistance against fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides.

The study identified the presence of various β-lactamase genes, including bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-123, bla CTX-M-9, bla CTX-M-14, bla TEM-1, bla SHV-12, bla CMY-2, and bla OXA-48, in ESBL-producing multidrug resistant E. coli isolates from dogs and cats in the United States. Additionally, the PMQR gene aac(6')-Ib-cr was found to be prevalent in these isolates.

The study presents KlebSeq, a diagnostic tool for detecting and monitoring Klebsiella pneumoniae, including its AMR and virulence profiles. It identified various AMR genes such as aac(6')-Ib, aac(6')-Ib-cr, gyrA, npmA, blaCTX-M, and blaKPC, demonstrating the effectiveness of amplicon sequencing for AMR detection.

The study identifies NDM-1 as a major carbapenem resistance determinant in Acinetobacter spp. causing neonatal sepsis, along with other beta-lactamases like OXA-23-like, OXA-58-like, PER-1, VEB-2, and aminoglycoside modifying enzymes such as aac(6')-Ib, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and armA.

The study identifies the blaIMP-4 gene in Salmonella enterica Typhimurium from cats, which confers resistance to carbapenems. The gene is part of a multidrug-resistant IncHI2 plasmid carrying various resistance genes.

The study identified multiple AMR genes, including blaCTX-M-15, blaOXA-1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, tet(A), mphA, strA, strB, aadA5, sul1, sul2, dfrA12, dfrA17, catA1, and catB3, in ESBL-producing E. coli ST131 isolates from Nepal and Japan. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics, including β-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, sulfonamides, and chloramphenicol.

The study identifies the mcr-1 gene as a plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene in PMQR-carrying ST34 Salmonella isolates from animals in China, along with other resistance genes such as aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxAB, and floR.

The study identifies multiple carbapenemase genes (bla KPC-2, bla KPC-3, bla KPC-4, and bla NDM-1) and other resistance genes (such as qnrB19, qnrB2, qnrS1, bla TEM-1A, bla TEM-1B, bla OXA-9, bla SHV-12, aadA2, aac(6')-Ib, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-Ic, strA, strB, sul1, sul2, dfrA14, dfrA18, mph(A), catB3, arr-3, and tet(D)) in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter spp. These genes are primarily located on plasmids and contribute to multidrug resistance.

The study identified numerous antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from river water, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant and extraintestinal pathogenic strains. Key resistance genes included blaTEM-1, aac(3)-IId, qnrB7, and others.

The study identifies the blaSPM-1 gene as a key factor in carbapenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa ST277 isolates, along with other resistance genes in genomic islands.

The study reports the draft genome sequences of two pandrug-resistant Serratia marcescens clinical isolates carrying multiple antibiotic resistance genes, including blaNDM-1, blaSHV-12, blaTEM-1B, blaCMY-6, sul1, sul2, rmtC, aacA4, aac(6')Ib-c, strA, strB, dfrA18, qnrA1, catA2, aac(6')-Ic, tet(41), and ampC.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in XDR K. pneumoniae isolates, including bla KPC−2, rmtB, aac(6′)-Ib, APH(3′)-Ia, AAC(3)-IV, qnrS, qnrB, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, bla CTX−M−14, bla CTX−M−65, bla SHV−11, bla TEM, bla CMY, bla DHA−1, gyrA, and parC, which contribute to resistance against various antibiotics.

The study identified the blaTEM-1 gene in two C. freundii isolates, qnrS1 in three Citrobacter isolates, and aac(6')-Ib-cr in three Citrobacter isolates. Additionally, a variant of qnrB77 was found in two C. freundii isolates.

The study demonstrates the feasibility of rapid nanopore sequencing for detecting plasmid-borne antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in clinical isolates. It identifies several AMR genes, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, sulfonamide resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, macrolide resistance genes, and phenicol resistance genes, in both Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates.

The study identified blaSHV, blaTEM, blaCTX-M, qnrB, and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes as the main contributors to multidrug resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from burns and urinary tract infections in Iraq.

The study identified the presence of the blaCTX-M-15 gene in a UK-isolated lineage 2 strain of Salmonella Typhimurium, highlighting the potential for spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase resistance.

The study identifies bla CTX-M-15-positive E. coli isolates from food products in Germany, primarily associated with IncF-type plasmids and belonging to two predominant clonal lineages, ST167 and ST410. These isolates carry various resistance genes including aac(6')-Ib-cr, aadA5, bla OXA-1, catB3, mph(A), sul1, tet(B), and dfrA17.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations contributing to multidrug resistance in Gram-negative clinical isolates from Egypt, highlighting the role of efflux pumps and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates from pigs and abattoir workers in Cameroon, including bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1B, bla SHV-28, and others, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains and their potential for zoonotic transmission.

The study identified various AMR genes in CR-KP isolates, including blaNDM-1, blaIMP, blaKPC-2, SHV, TEM, CTX-M, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrS1, qnrB4, oqxAB, and rmtB, which contribute to resistance against carbapenems, beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identifies CTX-M-15-harboring Escherichia coli in wild birds in Tunisia, highlighting the presence of multidrug resistance genes such as bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1b, tetA, qnrA1, qnrB1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aac(3)-II, and sul3.

The study detected the presence of qnrB, qnrS, and aac(6′)-Ib-cr genes in fluoroquinolone-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates, highlighting their role in plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in Salmonella isolates from Ghana, including blaTEM-1B, blaTEM-52B, blaCTX-M-15, tet(A), dfrA15, sul1, sul2, catA1, strA, strB, aadA1, catB3, qnrB1, aac(6')Ib-cr, and blaOXA-1. These genes were found on various plasmids, highlighting the diversity of resistance mechanisms in the studied isolates.

The study identifies several AMR genes, including floR, tet(A), tet(B), tet(H), tet(l), tet(34), tet(35), aac(6')-Ib-cr, and intI1, associated with resistance to florfenicol, oxytetracycline, quinolones, and kanamycin in Chilean salmon farming environments.

The study identified several AMR genes in Citrobacter freundii isolates, including bla TEM−1, bla CTX−M−9, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrS1, and various qnrB alleles such as qnrB9, qnrB13, qnrB16, qnrB17, qnrB76, qnrB77, and a newly discovered qnrB92. These genes were associated with resistance to multiple antibiotics, including beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and quinolones.

The study identifies multiple antibiotic resistance genes in the newly described species Superficieibacter electus, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, and others, indicating its ability to resist various antibiotics.

The study identified multiple β-lactamase genes, including bla CTX-M, bla TEM, bla SHV, bla OXA-48, and bla KPC-2, as well as PMQR genes such as qnrS and aac(6')-Ib-cr, in multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from swine in Northwest China.

The study identified multiple extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes, including bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-9, bla CTX-M-123, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-1, and bla CTX-M-65, as well as bla TEM-1 and bla SHV-12. Additionally, the PMQR gene aac(6′)-Ib-cr was found to be the most prevalent. These genes were associated with resistance to various beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics.

The study characterized the resistomes of six carbapenem-resistant pathogens, identifying various carbapenemase genes such as bla KPC-2, bla OXA-48, bla OXA-72, bla NDM-1, bla NDM-7, and bla VIM-1, along with other resistance genes like aac(6')-Ib-cr, aph(3")-Ib, aph(6)-Id, tet(B), erm(B), mph(A), sul1, sul2, dfrA17, dfrA14, bla CTX-M-15, bla CMY-6, bla OXA-1, bla SHV-200, bla OXA-10, and bla NDM-7.

The study identified mcr-1 and mcr-3 genes as the primary colistin resistance genes in the Funan River, along with other resistance genes such as sul1, sul2, aac(6')-Ib-cr, bla CTX-M, tetM, ermB, qnrS, and aph(3')-IIIa. These genes were found in various bacterial species, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains in the river.

The study identified multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the Choqueyapu River, including E. coli and Enterobacter cloacae carrying bla CTX-M, bla KPC, bla NDM, bla VIM, and bla OXA-48 genes, highlighting the environmental spread of antibiotic resistance.

The study identified two clones of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, ST37 and ST3006, in a neonatal intensive care unit. ST37 harbored multiple resistance genes, including OXA-33, TEM-1, SHV-11, and others, while ST3006 carried fewer resistance genes. Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of various antibiotic resistance genes and genomic islands.

The paper discusses various bacterial enzymes involved in antibiotic resistance, including bifunctional enzymes that can inactivate multiple classes of antibiotics. It highlights the importance of beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, and other resistance mechanisms.

The study characterizes the role of efflux pumps in multidrug resistance of clinical E. coli and P. aeruginosa strains, showing that deletion of tolC and oprM significantly affects antibiotic susceptibility, but other resistance mechanisms persist.

The study characterized various AMR genes in Acinetobacter spp. including blaPER-1, blaTEM-1D, blaADC-31, blaOXA-82, aac(3')-Ia, aac(6')-Il, aph(3')-Ic, strAB, and others. Mutations in gyrA and parC were associated with fluoroquinolone resistance. Overexpression of efflux pumps like adeB and adeJ contributed to multidrug resistance.

The study characterized multiple AMR genes in ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates, including bla TEM-1B, bla CTX-M-15, bla SHV-1, bla OXA-1, aad AI6, aac (6′)Ib-cr, aph (6)Id, aph (3′)-Ib, oqx A, oqx B, fos A, ARR-3, sul 1, sul 2, dfr A14, dfr A27, cat A1, and cat B4.

The study identifies and characterizes several aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms in E. coli, including aac(3)-II, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aph(3')-Ia, and aac(3)-IId, demonstrating their roles in reducing susceptibility to aminoglycosides such as kanamycin, tobramycin, and amikacin.

The study identified several AMR genes, including blaTEM, strA, tetA, floR, and aac(6')-Ib-cr, in the multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Indiana strain MHYL. These genes were localized in two distinct MDR regions, RR1 and RR2, and were associated with resistance to multiple antibiotics.

The study identified multiple carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CP-Kp) strains carrying various resistance genes, including blaKPC-2, blaNDM-1, and others, contributing to multidrug resistance. Plasmid analysis revealed the presence of resistance genes on different plasmids, highlighting the complexity of resistance mechanisms.

The study identifies discriminatory antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) using an extremely randomized tree (ERT) algorithm, highlighting genes like sul1, tet(W), and ermB as significant markers for differentiating resistomes across various aquatic environments.

The study identifies discriminatory antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) using an extremely randomized tree (ERT) algorithm, highlighting genes like sul1, tet(W), and ermB as significant markers for differentiating resistomes across various aquatic environments.

The study reports an outbreak of NDM-5-producing E. coli ST361 in a South Korean hospital, highlighting the multidrug-resistant nature of these isolates and the presence of additional resistance genes such as qepA, blaTEM-1, blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M-15, and aac(6')-Ib-cr.

The study identifies the floR gene as a major contributor to florfenicol resistance in Enterobacteriaceae, particularly in Leclercia adecarboxylata strain R25. Other resistance genes such as mdfA, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aadA16, qnrB6, sul1, dfrA27, arr-3, and qacEΔ1 were also characterized.

The study characterized the resistome, mobilome, and virulome of 20 multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from Pretoria, South Africa. Key findings include the identification of various beta-lactamase genes (blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-27, blaOXA-1, blaOXA-10, blaTEM-1B), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(3)-IIa, aac(3)-IId, aac(6')-Ib-cr, mph(A)), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3), dihydrofolate reductase genes (dfrA17, dfrA14, dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, dfrA23), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B)), chloramphenicol resistance genes (catB3, catA1), and fluoroquinolone resistance mutations in gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE.

The study identified several plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxA, qnrS, qnrB) and their association with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and carbapenems in IMP-6 β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae.

The study identifies several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated from German surface waters, highlighting the presence of clinically relevant resistance mechanisms such as bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15, mcr-1, and others.

The study identifies a large self-transmissible plasmid pMB2 from Nigeria containing multiple resistance genes, including aac(6')-Ib-cr, blaCTX-M-15, tetA, and sitABCD, which contributes to antimicrobial resistance and provides a growth advantage under iron-limited conditions.

The study characterized multidrug-resistant plasmids in uropathogenic E. coli, identifying genes such as blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaOXA, aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxAB, and qnrB, which confer resistance to various antibiotics. These plasmids were found to be transmissible via conjugation, highlighting the role of IncF and IncI conjugation systems in the spread of resistance.

The study identifies a carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli isolate producing New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-5 (blaNDM-5) in companion animals in the United States, along with several other resistance genes including tet(A), aac(6')-Ib-cr, aadA5, aadA2, blaOXA-1, blaCTX-M-15, catB3, dfrA17, dfrA12, sul1, and mph(A).

The study identified multiple AMR genes in extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, including beta-lactamases (blaSHV-11, blaTEM-1B, blaVEB-1, blaOXA-10, blaKPC-2, blaOXA-9, blaVIM-27, blaCTX-M-15, blaOXA-1, blaOXA-48), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aadA1, ant(2'')-Ia, aph(6)-Id, arr-2, aadA24, aph(3')-Ia, aph(6)-Id, aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')Ib-cr, aac(6')-Ib, aac(6')-Ib-cr), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(G)), trimethoprim resistance genes (dfrA1, dfrA14, dfrA23), chloramphenicol resistance genes (cmlA1, catB4), and others.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, including beta-lactamases (blaSHV-11, blaTEM-1B, blaVEB-1, blaOXA-10, blaKPC-2, blaOXA-9, blaVIM-27, blaCTX-M-15, blaOXA-1, blaOXA-48), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aadA1, ant(2'')-Ia, aph(6)-Id, arr-2, aadA24, aph(3')-Ia, aph(6)-Id, aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')Ib-cr, aac(6')-Ib, aac(6')-Ib-cr), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(G)), trimethoprim resistance genes (dfrA1, dfrA14, dfrA23), chloramphenicol resistance genes (cmlA1, catB4), and others.

The study identified several AMR genes in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from LTCF residents, including bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-14, bla TEM-1B, bla IMP-1, and others, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identified multiple drug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from a pediatric cancer hospital in Egypt, highlighting the prevalence of various antimicrobial resistance genes such as TEM-220, NDM-11, aph(6)-Id, sul2, and others, indicating a significant threat to immunocompromised patients.

The study identified the mcr-1 gene, blaTEM, blaCTX-M, aac(6)-Ib-cr, and qnrA as the primary AMR genes in avian-origin E. coli isolates in Shandong Province, China.

The study reports the first occurrence of VIM-4 and VIM-28 metallo-β-lactamase production in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates from the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Additionally, the aac(6')-Ib-cr and qnrS1 genes were identified as contributing to resistance against aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones, respectively.

The study characterizes an MDR E. coli O39 strain carrying multiple AMR genes including bla CTX-M-15, bla CMY-2, bla DHA-1, and aac(6')-Ib-cr, highlighting the complexity of the resistome in this outbreak.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from pregnant women in low-income countries, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains and the role of environmental factors in their carriage.

The study identified bla OXA-181, bla NDM, arr-3, aac (6′)-Ib-cr, rmtF, and catB1 as key resistance genes in colistin-resistant K. pneumoniae strains, highlighting the complex resistance mechanisms involving carbapenemases and aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes.

The study identifies various carbapenemase genes such as blaNDM-1, blaNDM-7, blaCTX-M-15, and blaOXA-181, along with other AMR genes like rmtC, sul1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, mph(A), qnrB1, and others, which contribute to resistance against multiple antibiotics in Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Philippines.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Aeromonas caviae SCAc2001, including blaKPC, mcr-3.3, and others, highlighting the potential public health risks posed by this strain.

The study identified several β-lactamase genes (bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-9, bla OXA-1, and bla TEM-1-a) and other resistance genes (sul1, sul2, tetA, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrA, and qnrB) in ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from fish in the Bizerte lagoon, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in aquatic environments.

The study identified various AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates, including beta-lactamases (blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-55, blaOXA-1, blaCMY-2, blaOXA, blaCMY), phenicol resistance genes (catB3, cmlA1, floR, catA1, catA2, oqxA, oqxB), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(6')-Ib-cr5, aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxA2, qepA1, qnrS1), sulfonamide and trimethoprim resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA12, dfrA7), and tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), tet(M)).

The study identified various AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates, including beta-lactamases (blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-55, blaOXA-1, blaCMY-2, blaOXA, blaCMY), phenicol resistance genes (catB3, cmlA1, floR, catA1, catA2, oqxA, oqxB), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(6')-Ib-cr5, aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxA2, qepA1, qnrS1), sulfonamide and trimethoprim resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA12, dfrA7), and tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), tet(M)).

The study identified various extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes, including blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-9, blaCTX-M-55, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-65, blaCTX-M-74, and blaCTX-M-25, along with PMQR genes such as qnrS, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, qnrB, and qnrA. Additionally, mutations in the QRDR of gyrA and parC were associated with enrofloxacin resistance in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from broiler chickens.

The study characterizes the emergence and dominance of a minor NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae population during KPC-directed therapy, highlighting challenges in detecting and managing drug-resistant subpopulations.

The report highlights the presence of various AMR genes and mutations in zoonotic and indicator bacteria, including blaCTX-M-9, blaSHV-12, erm(B), mcr-1, and mcr-2, which confer resistance to beta-lactams, macrolides, and colistin. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring AMR in food-producing animals and humans.

The study identified multiple AMR genes, including bla CTX-M-55, bla CMY-2, bla CTX-M-1, bla SHV-12, sul2, aac(3)-Ia, aadA, strA, strB, tet(A), tet(B), dfrA14, floR, cmlA1, catA1, catB3, qnrS1, qnrS2, qnrB19, mph(A), mph(B), arr-3, and aac(6')Ib-cr, in ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli isolates from broiler production.

The study characterizes the recombination events in the conjugative virulence plasmid p15WZ-82_Vir during transmission, identifying multiple antibiotic resistance genes and their roles in the formation of mosaic plasmids that carry both virulence and resistance traits.

The study identified KPC-producing Serratia marcescens isolates with resistance to beta-lactams, including carbapenems, and the presence of aac(6')-Ib-cr, SdeB, SdeY, and HasF genes associated with resistance to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and tigecycline.

The study identifies and characterizes the antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations associated with the high-risk Klebsiella pneumoniae clones ST307 and ST147, highlighting their global spread and the diversity of resistance mechanisms they employ.

The study reports the first genomic characterization of a multidrug-resistant Enterobacter hormaechei isolate coharboring bla(VIM-1) and mcr-9 genes from food of animal origin. The isolate was resistant to carbapenems and other antibiotics, but susceptible to colistin. The bla(VIM-1) and mcr-9 genes were located on the same IncHI2 plasmid, along with other resistance genes.

The study identified ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli isolates from healthy broiler chickens in South Korea, highlighting the presence of bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-55, and bla CMY-2 genes, as well as coexistence of mcr-1 and bla CMY-2 genes, indicating significant antimicrobial resistance concerns.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes in a KPC-3-producing K. pneumoniae isolate, including blaKPC-3, aac(3)-Ib, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aph(3')-Ia, blaOXA-1, blaSHV-214, mphA, qacH, catB3, arr-3, sul1, and dfrA14, which confer resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including mcr-1.1 and mcr-3.1, in multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from pigs with postweaning diarrhea in China.

The study identified 13 resistance genes, including beta-lactamases (blaOXA-1, blaTEM-1, blaNDM-1), aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (aphA6, aac(3)-IId, aac(2')-Ia, aac(6')-Ib-cr5), sulfonamide resistance (sul1), chloramphenicol resistance (catB3, catA3), rifampicin resistance (arr3), bleomycin resistance (ble), and tetracycline resistance (tet(B)) in NDM-1-producing Providencia stuartii strains.

The study identified bla CMY-2, bla CTX-M, and bla SHV-12 genes as major contributors to extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance, along with qnrB77, qnrB2, qnrS1, qnrS2, and aac(6')-Ib-cr for fluoroquinolone resistance. The colistin resistance gene mcr-9 was also detected in several isolates.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from a Red Kangaroo, including beta-lactamases (bla DHA–3, bla SHV–1, bla CTX–M–14, bla TEM–191, bla TEM–1, bla CTX–M–3), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aph(3″)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aac(3)-IIa, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, aadA16, arr-3), quinolone resistance genes (qnrS1, qnrB2), macrolide resistance gene (mphA), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul3, sul1), dihydrofolate reductase (dfrA3, dfrA27), chloramphenicol resistance gene (floR), tetracycline resistance genes (tetG, tetR), and multidrug efflux pump (qacEΔ1).

The aac(6')-Ib-cr gene was detected in 16 resistant Providencia stuartii isolates, indicating increased resistance in this species.

The study characterizes the AMR genes in a multidrug-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae ST23 isolate, MAR14-456, which co-produces OXA-48 and CTX-M-15. The isolate shows resistance to multiple antibiotics, including carbapenems, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides.

The study identifies the blaCTX-M-1 gene carried on an IncI1/ST3 plasmid in Enterobacter cloacae and Escherichia coli isolates from humans and wild animals in Guadeloupe, highlighting the dissemination of this resistance determinant in the environment.

The study identified various AMR genes in E. coli isolates from bloodstream infections, including genes conferring resistance to beta-lactams, macrolides, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim. Additionally, mutations in quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA, parC, and parE were associated with ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study reports the first carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella michiganensis isolate from South African hospital effluent, harboring multiple resistance genes including blaOXA-181, blaOXY-5-1, qnrB6, qnrS1, aadA16, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aph(6)-Id, arr-3, sul1, sul2, dfrA14, and dfrA27.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes in endophytic ESBL-producing Enterobacterales isolated from fresh vegetables, highlighting their potential role in the spread of antibiotic resistance.

The study identifies carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 16 causing multiple outbreaks in a hospital in Vietnam. Key AMR genes include blaOXA-181, blaOXA-48, and mutations in gyrA and parC contributing to fluoroquinolone resistance. Colistin resistance was due to disruption of the mgrB gene by an IS L3-like element.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST101 clone, including blaCTX-M-15, blaOXA-48, blaOXA-1, blaSHV-106, blaTEM-150, aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxA10, oqxB17, fosA, catB3, dfrA14, tet(D), and mutations in mgrB, ompK35, gyrA, and parC.

The study identifies fosA3 and bla CTX-M-14 in multidrug-resistant Citrobacter freundii isolates from flowers and retail environments in China, highlighting the role of untypable plasmids in the spread of these resistance genes.

The study identified several beta-lactamase genes, including bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-55, bla CTX-M-65, bla SHV-12, bla SHV-28, bla SHV-81, bla TEM-1B, bla TEM-52C, bla CARB-2, bla OXA-1, bla DHA-1, and bla CMY-2, along with other AMR genes such as aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aadA1, aadA2, aph(4)-Ia, oqxA, oqxB, qnrB1, qnrS1, floR, sul2, sul1, tet(A), dfrA14, dfrA1, dfrA17, dfrA8, dfrA12, dfrA16, dfrA15, catB3, cmlA1, arr-2, and qnrB19, which confer resistance to various antibiotics in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from food products.

The study identified several beta-lactamase genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaAQU-1, blaMOX, blaCepH, blaCphA) and the aac(6')-Ib-cr gene associated with antimicrobial resistance in Aeromonas isolates from bacteremia cases in southeastern China.

The study found high fecal carriage of bla(CTX-M), bla(CMY-2), and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes among healthy Korean individuals, highlighting the widespread presence of these resistance genes in the gut microbiome.

The study reports the first identification of a blaIMP-8-positive Comamonas thiooxydans strain causing a urinary tract infection in China, highlighting its resistance to multiple antibiotics including aztreonam, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides.

The study identifies a carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate carrying the plasmid-mediated AmpC gene blaDHA-1, along with other resistance genes such as blaOXA-1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aph(3')-Ia, sul1, oqxA, oqxB, qnrB4, arr-3, tet(A), catB3, mph(A), fosA, IncFIB(K), and IncR.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from chronic wounds in Ghana, including beta-lactamases, fosfomycin resistance genes, chloramphenicol resistance genes, aminoglycoside resistance genes, fluoroquinolone resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, sulfonamide resistance genes, trimethoprim resistance genes, and efflux pumps. Mutations in gyrA, parE, and parC were also found to contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in E. coli from free-living birds, highlighting the zoonotic potential of these resistant strains. Key findings include bla CTX-M-15, bla CMY-2, bla SHV-12, bla TEM-1B, qnrS1, qnrB19, mcr-1, fosA7, aac(3)-IIa, ant(3")-Ia, aph(3")-Ib, and aph(6)-Id, as well as mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE.

The study identified bla CTX-M, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrB, and qepA as the primary AMR genes in MDR E. coli isolates from poultry and domestic pigs in Tanzania.

The study found that anaerobic digestion of dairy manure significantly reduced the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes, including various ESBL genes such as bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-55, and bla PER-1, as well as other resistance genes like aac(6')-Ib-cr, aph(3')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, bla OXA-1, catB4, dfrA1, floR, lnu(G), sul2, aadA2, mph(E), msr(E), tet(C), tet(E), and tet(X).

The study identified multiple beta-lactamase genes including bla CTX-M-15, bla SHV-1, bla SHV-11, bla SHV-27, bla SHV-106, and bla TEM, along with carbapenemase genes bla KPC2/3 and bla OXA-48, contributing to multidrug resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from human septicemias.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes in a pandrug-resistant K. pneumoniae isolate, including beta-lactamases (bla OXA-1, bla SHV-28, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-48, bla CTX-M-14b), aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (aac(6′)-Ib-cr, armA), and mutations in gyrA and parC that confer resistance to fluoroquinolones, as well as a disruption in mgrB leading to colistin resistance.

The study identifies the circulation of pandemic sequence types ST131, ST648, and ST410 of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in Rwanda, highlighting their multidrug resistance and potential for transmission among patients, caregivers, and the community.

The study identified PMQR genes such as qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, and aac(6')-Ib-cr in non-typhoidal Salmonella strains with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones.

The study identified the presence of the human pandemic ST131-CTX-M-15-O25-B2 clone and high-risk clonal lineages of ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli isolates from diarrheic poultry in Tunisia, highlighting the emergence of multidrug-resistant clones with various virulence determinants.

Two mcr-1-harboring Salmonella isolates, CFSA231 and CFSA629, were identified. The mcr-1 gene was found on an IncX4 plasmid in CFSA231 and on an IncHI2A/IncHI2 plasmid in CFSA629. A novel mcr-1 variant, mcr-1.19, was identified in CFSA629.

The study reports an outbreak of NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in an ICU during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the presence of multiple AMR genes including blaNDM-1, blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-15, blaOXA-1, blaCMY-4, and others, along with mutations in ParC and GyrA contributing to quinolone resistance.