Browse AMR Genes
Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature
Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature
ANT(9) family aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase
Overview
| Allele | Database | Papers | Drug Classes | Organisms | Countries | Years | Sequence Accession | Protein Accession |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aad9 | Reference Gene CatalogReslit | 13 | AMINOGLYCOSIDE, spectinomycin +2 | Campylobacter jejuni +7 | China, Europe|Israel|United Kingdom|Republic of Ireland|Italy, Denmark, New Hampshire, USA, Spain|Basque Country, Kenya, Italy, Germany|Vietnam, Brazil, Ecuador | 2005, 2011, 2016, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 | AY701528.1 | AAW34145.1 |
| aad(9) | Reslit | 2 | spectinomycin | Streptococcus sanguis +2 | - | 1991, 2006 | PMC245272 | - |
| aad | Reslit | 10 | spectinomycin, streptomycin +1 | Ehrlichia chaffeensis +8 | United States, Nigeria, France, Moscow, Russia, South Korea, Calabria|Italy, Europe|United States, Asia|China | 2013, 2016, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 | CP000236.1 | - |
| aad(9')-b | Reslit | 1 | streptomycin, spectinomycin | Clostridium bolteae 90B3 | France | 2016 | PRJNA64845|PRJNA64847|PRJNA64849|PRJNA64851|PRJNA64853|PRJNA64857|PRJNA659|PRJNA64861|PRJNA64863|PRJNA64865|PRJNA64867|PRJNA64869 | - |
| aaD | Reslit | 1 | aminoglycosides | Staphylococcus aureus | Russia | 2022 | PRJNA823522 | - |
Mosaic structure of a multiple-drug-resistant, conjugative plasmid from Campylobacter jejuni.
Cloning and nucleotide base sequence analysis of a spectinomycin adenyltransferase AAD(9) determinant from Enterococcus faecalis.
The study identified and characterized the aad(9) gene, which encodes a spectinomycin adenyltransferase responsible for high-level resistance to spectinomycin in Enterococcus faecalis.
Influences of biofilm structure and antibiotic resistance mechanisms on indirect pathogenicity in a model polymicrobial biofilm.
The study identified two antibiotic resistance mechanisms: a beta-lactamase (bla) conferring resistance to ampicillin and a spectinomycin adenyltransferase (aad(9)) conferring resistance to spectinomycin. These genes were experimentally validated in E. coli.
RNA-mediated reciprocal regulation between two bacterial operons is RNase III dependent.
The study identifies Qs and X RNA as small RNAs that reciprocally regulate gene expression in Enterococcus faecalis through RNase III-mediated processing, revealing a novel mechanism of gene regulation.
Targeted and random mutagenesis of Ehrlichia chaffeensis for the identification of genes required for in vivo infection.
The study identifies three hypothetical protein genes (Ech_0379, Ech_0601, and Ech_0660) and a non-coding region near Ech_0230 that, when mutated, lead to loss of gene expression in Ehrlichia chaffeensis. These mutations affect the pathogen's ability to persist in vivo.
Versatile nourseothricin and streptomycin/spectinomycin resistance gene cassettes and their use in chromosome integration vectors.
The study describes the development of versatile cassettes containing nourseothricin, streptomycin/spectinomycin, and spectinomycin resistance genes (nat, aadA, aad9) for genetic manipulation of bacteria. These cassettes enable the creation of single-copy insertion vectors and are effective in selecting for genetic elements in AmrAB-OprA efflux pump mutants of Burkholderia species.
Molecular Surveillance Identifies Multiple Transmissions of Typhoid in West Africa.
The study identified multiple S. Typhi genotypes in Nigeria, with a focus on antimicrobial resistance genes and plasmids. Key resistance genes included blaTEM-1, catA1, tetB, dfrA15, sul1, sul2, strAB, aad, and qnrS, primarily associated with the IncHI1 plasmid. Quinolone resistance was linked to gyrA mutations S83Y and S83F.
Comparative genomics of Clostridium bolteae and Clostridium clostridioforme reveals species-specific genomic properties and numerous putative antibiotic resistance determinants.
The study identified numerous antibiotic resistance genes in Clostridium bolteae and Clostridium clostridioforme, including beta-lactamases, glycopeptide resistance operons, macrolide and lincosamide resistance genes, and efflux pumps. Notably, C. bolteae 90B3 exhibited resistance to linezolid, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and tiamulin due to the presence of the 23S rRNA methyltransferase gene cfr. Additionally, C. clostridioforme 90A8 possessed a VanB-type operon conferring vancomycin resistance.
Independent Microevolution Mediated by Mobile Genetic Elements of Individual Clostridium difficile Isolates from Clade 4 Revealed by Whole-Genome Sequencing.
The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including aac(6')-Ib, ermB, tetM, and catD, in Clostridium difficile isolates from clade 4, highlighting the role of mobile genetic elements in the evolution of multidrug resistance.
Transient Silencing of Antibiotic Resistance by Mutation Represents a Significant Potential Source of Unanticipated Therapeutic Failure.
The study identifies silenced antibiotic resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus, highlighting the prevalence of transient antibiotic resistance due to mutations that inactivate resistance genes, leading to apparent susceptibility but potential re-emergence of resistance.
Complete hybrid genome assembly of clinical multidrug-resistant Bacteroides fragilis isolates enables comprehensive identification of antimicrobial-resistance genes and plasmids.
The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Bacteroides fragilis isolates, including cfiA, nim, erm, tet, and others, using hybrid genome assembly and ABRicate screening.
Genomic Epidemiology and Evolution of Diverse Lineages of Clinical Campylobacter jejuni Cocirculating in New Hampshire, USA, 2017.
The study identified multiple horizontally acquired resistance genes in Campylobacter jejuni isolates from New Hampshire, including genes conferring resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, streptothricin, and tetracycline.
Whole genome-based characterisation of antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from ruminants.
The study identified various AMR genes including aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, tetracycline resistance genes, and beta-lactamases in Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli isolates from ruminants. Mutations in gyrA and rpsL were linked to quinolone and streptomycin resistance, respectively. The presence of specific genetic determinants correlated with phenotypic resistance.
A newly identified flavoprotein disulfide reductase Har protects Streptococcus pneumoniae against hypothiocyanous acid.
The study identifies a novel flavoprotein disulfide reductase, Har, in Streptococcus pneumoniae that reduces hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN) using NADPH, contributing to bacterial tolerance against HOSCN.
Whole-Genome Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Ready-to-Eat Food in Russia.
The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from ready-to-eat food in Russia, including blaZ, mecA, inuA, cat, ermC, dfrG, dfrK, aaC, aaD, ant(9)-Ia, tet(K), tet(cluster), erm(A), erm(C), cat(pC194), and fexA. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillins, lincosamides, phenicols, macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones.
Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Patients in Busia County Referral Hospital, Kenya.
The study identified S. aureus isolates carrying genes conferring resistance to penicillin-G, trimethoprim, tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, and other antibiotics. Key resistance genes included blaZ, tetK, tetM, dfrG, ermA, ermC, aacA-aphD, aad9, and mecA.
Antimicrobial Resistance and Genetic Diversity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Isolated from Equine and Other Veterinary Samples.
The study identified several AMR genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from equine and other veterinary samples, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, quinolone resistance genes, sulfonamide resistance genes, phenicol resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, and efflux pumps. Additionally, genes conferring resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds were detected.
Genomic and Antimicrobial Surveillance of Campylobacter Population in Italian Poultry.
The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in Campylobacter isolates from Italian poultry, highlighting the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains and the prevalence of specific resistance mechanisms such as the T86I mutation in gyrA and the tet(O) gene.
Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Causing Nosocomial Meningitis in the Neurological Intensive Care Unit.
The study identified various AMR genes in 37 A. baumannii strains causing nosocomial meningitis, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, tetracycline resistance genes, macrolide resistance genes, phenicol resistance genes, sulfonamide resistance genes, rifamycin resistance genes, and antiseptic resistance genes.
Identification of knowledge gaps in whole-genome sequence analysis of multi-resistant thermotolerant Campylobacter spp.
The study identified 22 different resistance genes and gene variants, including erm(B), aph(3')-IIIa, aadE, catA, lnu(C), blaOXA, sat4, tet(O), and point mutations in gyrA, 23S rRNA, and rpsL, associated with antimicrobial resistance in thermotolerant Campylobacter spp.
Antimicrobial resistance genes harbored in invasive Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex isolated from Korean children during the pre-COVID-19 pandemic periods, 2015-2020.
The study identified blaOXA23 as the primary carbapenem resistance gene in Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) isolates, along with blaADC, blaOXA51, and various aminoglycoside resistance genes such as aad and armA. Fluoroquinolone resistance was linked to mutations in gyrA and parC. Efflux pumps abe and ade were widespread in AB isolates.
Five centuries of genome evolution and multi-host adaptation of Campylobacter jejuni in Brazil.
The study identifies beta-lactam resistance genes blaOXA-193 and blaOXA-184, as well as the multidrug efflux pump operon cmeABCR in Campylobacter jejuni isolates from Brazil. Mutations in gyrA and rrn genes are associated with quinolone and macrolide resistance.
Transmission of dominant strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli between farms and retail stores in Ecuador: Genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance.
The study identified 14 resistance genes in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates, including genes conferring resistance to tetracycline, beta-lactams, and aminoglycosides. Mutations in gyrA, rplV, 23S rRNA, and rpsL were also associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and aminoglycosides.
Circulation of a Unique Klebsiella pneumoniae Clone, ST147 NDM-1/OXA-48, in Two Diverse Hospitals in Calabria (Italy).
The study identifies multiple AMR genes, including bla OXA-48, bla NDM-1, bla CTX-M-15, and bla SHV, in K. pneumoniae strains from two hospitals in Calabria, Italy, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant clones.
Establishing Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M45 antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods and breakpoints for Pseudomonas other than Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
The study established tentative CLSI M45 antimicrobial susceptibility testing breakpoints for Pseudomonas other than Pseudomonas aeruginosa (POPA). It identified various beta-lactamase genes, including metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) such as bla POM-1, bla POM-2, bla PAM-1, bla PST-1, bla VIM-2, bla CARB-2, bla DHA-1, and bla IMP-13, which confer resistance to carbapenems. Additionally, multidrug-resistant efflux pumps like ttgABC and tmexCD-toprJ were found to contribute to carbapenem resistance. Other resistance genes for aminoglycosides, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, quaternary ammonium compounds, chloramphenicol, and fluoroquinolones were also detected.
Unraveling the role of mobile genetic elements in antibiotic resistance transmission and defense strategies in bacteria.
The study characterizes several AMR genes, including blaIPM-4, blaOXA-1, blaOXA-10, aacA4, blaOXA-101, aadA11, aadA9, qacEΔ1, sat2-aadA1, and others, highlighting their role in conferring resistance to various antibiotics in different bacterial species.
Global geographic and genomic epidemiology analysis of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli carrying bla(NDM-9).
The study characterizes bla NDM-9 -carrying carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC) and identifies various antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) contributing to multidrug resistance. It highlights the role of mobile genetic elements in the dissemination of bla NDM-9 and emphasizes the importance of surveillance for these high-risk clones.
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