The study identifies a novel streptomycin and spectinomycin resistance gene, aadA5, located within a class 1 integron in a pathogenic porcine E. coli isolate. The gene was successfully cloned and shown to confer resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin.

The study identified the cephamycinase gene bla CMY2 and the florfenicol resistance gene flo as significant contributors to multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from dogs. Additionally, the gene cassettes aadA5 and dfrA17 were found to confer resistance to spectinomycin and trimethoprim, respectively.

The study characterizes the IncP-6 plasmid Rms149, identifying several AMR genes including aac(3)-I, aadA5, intI1, qacEΔ1, and sul1, which confer resistance to gentamicin, streptomycin, spectinomycin, quaternary ammonium compounds, and sulfonamide, respectively.

The study identified various acquired antibiotic resistance genes in commensal E. coli isolates from a remote community with minimal antibiotic exposure, including blaTEM, catI, cmlA6, tet(A), tet(B), dfrA1, dfrA7, dfrA8, dfrA17, sul1, sul2, aphA1, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aadB, and sat-1. These genes were found to be similar to those seen in antibiotic-exposed settings, indicating the dissemination of resistant bacteria and resistance genes from such environments.

The study identified QRDR mutations in gyrA and parC, as well as the aac(6')-Ib-cr gene, class 1 and class 2 integrons, and various resistance genes including blaTEM-1, catA1, dfrA1, dfrA17, aadA1, aadA5, strA, tet, and aphA1-Ia in ETEC strains, contributing to multidrug resistance.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes, including tetB(P), aadA5, ampC, macB, IS Pps1, and IS Sm2, in the plasmid metagenome of activated sludge, highlighting the presence of diverse resistance mechanisms in environmental microbial communities.

The study reports the identification of blaNDM-5 along with multiple other antibiotic resistance genes in a multidrug-resistant E. coli isolate, highlighting the complex resistance profile of the strain.

The study identified bla CTX-M-15, aac (3)-IIa, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, qnrB4, qnrS1, aac (6')-Ib-cr, bla OXA-1, bla TEM-1B, bla SHV-12, bla CMY-42, bla DHA-1, mphA, ermB, catA1, catB3, sul1, sul2, dfrA12, dfrA17, dfrA1, dfrA5, tetA, tetB, and tetD as key AMR genes in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates in Nepal, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance.

The study identifies multiple antibiotic resistance genes on the IncF plasmid pEC958 from E. coli ST131, including blaCTX-M-15, aac(6')-Ib-cr, blaOXA-1, catB4, mph(A), dfrA17, aadA5, sulI, and tet(A). These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, macrolides, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline.

The study presents SSTAR, a software tool for identifying antimicrobial resistance (AR) genes from whole-genome sequencing data. It detects known AR genes and potential new variants, including truncated forms. The tool was applied to analyze resistance genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae ST437 and Escherichia coli ST44, revealing various beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside resistance genes, and porin mutations contributing to resistance.

The study identified numerous antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from river water, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant and extraintestinal pathogenic strains. Key resistance genes included blaTEM-1, aac(3)-IId, qnrB7, and others.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in E. coli isolates from marine bivalves, including bla TEM-1, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-15, and various aminoglycoside, trimethoprim, sulfonamide, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, quinolone, and macrolide resistance genes. These findings highlight the potential risk of MDR Enterobacteriaceae in marine environments.

The study identifies several AMR genes in ST95 E. coli strains, including blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M14, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aac3, strA, strB, tetA, tetB, tetD, sul1, sul2, dfrA5, dfrA12, dfrA17, mphA, and catA1, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, cephalothin, streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, azithromycin, and chloramphenicol.

The study demonstrates the feasibility of rapid nanopore sequencing for detecting plasmid-borne antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in clinical isolates. It identifies several AMR genes, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, sulfonamide resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, macrolide resistance genes, and phenicol resistance genes, in both Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates.

The study identifies bla CTX-M-15-positive E. coli isolates from food products in Germany, primarily associated with IncF-type plasmids and belonging to two predominant clonal lineages, ST167 and ST410. These isolates carry various resistance genes including aac(6')-Ib-cr, aadA5, bla OXA-1, catB3, mph(A), sul1, tet(B), and dfrA17.

The study identified a high prevalence of CTX-M-15-type ESBL-producing E. coli in migratory avian species in Pakistan, highlighting the role of wild birds as reservoirs of multidrug-resistant bacteria and the potential for horizontal gene transfer of resistance determinants.

The study characterized blaCTX-M-1 and blaCMY-2 genes in E. coli isolates from French broilers, highlighting their roles in extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance and the presence of virulence genes on blaCMY-2-containing plasmids.

The study identified various antibiotic resistance genes within integron gene cassettes in wastewater treatment plants, including aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, blaOXA-1, blaOXA-10, blaOXA-101, blaOXA-129, blaOXA-21, blaOXA-28, catB8, dfrA14, erm, qacE2, sul1, tet, orfD, and orfA, which confer resistance to aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and quaternary ammonium compounds.

The study identifies the aadA5 gene encoding an aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase, which confers resistance to streptomycin, and the blaA gene encoding a class A beta-lactamase, which confers resistance to carbenicillin. These genes were experimentally validated in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in STEC O117:H7 isolates, including the azithromycin resistance gene mphA, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, blaTEM-1B, blaTEM-1C, dfrA1, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA, dfrA5, ermB, strA, strB, sul1, sul2, tet(A), tet(B), qnrs1, and a mutation in gyrA (S83L) associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in Riemerella anatipestifer, including aac(6')-Ib, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aac(3')-IIc, aac(3')-IV, aph(3')-VII, aph(2')-Ib, bla TEM, bla OXA, tet(A), tet(B), sul1, sul2, sul3, cat2, cmlA, floR, emrF, qnrS, and qnrD. Additionally, mutations in gyrA and parC were found to confer fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study reports the draft genome sequence of a tigecycline-resistant Enterobacter cloacae ST93 clinical isolate, TREC1, which harbors multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including those encoding resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, fosfomycin, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, phenicols, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and tetracyclines. The isolate is resistant to all antibiotics tested except colistin.

The study identifies a novel composite IS26 transposon, Tn6242, in multidrug-resistant E. coli ST405, carrying resistance genes including dfrA17, aadA5, sul1, mphA, strA, strB, blaTEM-1b, and sul2.

The study identifies multiple multidrug resistance plasmids in Salmonella Pullorum, including pSPUR1, pSPUR2, pSPUR3, pSPUR4, and pSPUR5, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as trimethoprim, streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline.

The study reports the first clinical case of a KPC-3-producing Klebsiella michiganensis isolate in Europe, highlighting the emergence of this multidrug-resistant pathogen and the significance of molecular diagnostics in identifying novel resistance mechanisms.

The study identified multidrug-resistant ETEC strains from diarrheic calves in Argentina, including the presence of integrons carrying resistance genes such as dhfrA1, aadA1, dhfrA17, aadA5, and sul1.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in the CTX-M-15-producing ST131 E. coli strain C999, including beta-lactamases (blaCTX-M-15, blaTEM-1, blaOXA-1), aminoglycoside resistance gene (aac(6')-Ib-cr), tetracycline resistance gene (tet(A)), sulfonamide resistance gene (sul1), and aadA5 gene cassette. Mutations in gyrA and parC contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in E. coli ST131 isolates from a patient with recurrent UTIs, including plasmid-borne resistance genes and chromosomal mutations contributing to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified bla CTX-M, bla TEM, and bla SHV as the primary ESBL genes in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from healthy humans and swine in Northern Thailand. Additionally, several other AMR genes such as sul1, sul2, sul3, aadA22, aph(3')-Ia, strA, strB, aadA2, aadA5, qnrS1, tetA, tetB, tetD, arr2, and mefB were characterized.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including blaTEM, sul2, aadA7, aac3-Id, aadA5, and dfrA17, in Salmonella isolates from duck farms and a slaughterhouse in Shandong, China. High levels of resistance to various antibiotics were observed, highlighting the need for improved antimicrobial stewardship.

The study identified blaNDM genes as the primary cause of carbapenem resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from humans, pigs, chickens, and flies in rural China, highlighting the transmission of these resistance genes between humans and backyard animals.

The study characterized the resistome, mobilome, and virulome of 20 multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from Pretoria, South Africa. Key findings include the identification of various beta-lactamase genes (blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-27, blaOXA-1, blaOXA-10, blaTEM-1B), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(3)-IIa, aac(3)-IId, aac(6')-Ib-cr, mph(A)), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3), dihydrofolate reductase genes (dfrA17, dfrA14, dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, dfrA23), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B)), chloramphenicol resistance genes (catB3, catA1), and fluoroquinolone resistance mutations in gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE.

The study reports the detection of an NDM-5 producing E. coli in Malawi, highlighting the emergence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the region.

The study characterizes two carbapenemase-producing E. coli strains carrying blaNDM-5 and blaOXA-181, along with various other resistance genes such as qnrS1, blaCTX-M-15, aac(6')-lb-cr, catB3, sul1, dfrA17, qacEΔ1, aadA5, rmtB, ermB, mphA, tetB, catA1, dfrA14, dfrA12, blaTEM-1B, and blaCMY-42.

The study identified various AMR genes in CTX-M-producing E. coli isolates from peri-urban wild animals in Brazil, including bla CTX-M-55, bla CTX-M-2, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-14, and others, indicating the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in wildlife.

The study identified CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Escherichia coli strains isolated from blue mussels in Norway, highlighting the potential for mobility of these resistance genes.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in MDR E. coli strains from captive wild animals, highlighting the presence of CTX-M-8 and CTX-M-65 beta-lactamases, along with various other resistance mechanisms such as aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolone resistance genes, as well as mutations in quinolone resistance-determining regions.

The study demonstrates that sub-MIC concentrations of antibiotics significantly reduce the probability of establishment of resistant bacterial populations, highlighting the role of stochastic processes in the emergence of antibiotic resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in urban wastewater treatment plants in Italy, including bla TEM-1, bla AmpC, bla CTX-M-15, bla KPC-3, bla SHV-1, tet A, sul II, erm B, qnr S, int I1, aad A2, dfr 17, aadA 5, aadA 10, sat 1, bla TEM, bla OXA, bla CTX, bla KPC, and tet W. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and mutations in Escherichia coli isolates from various sources in Italy, highlighting the prevalence of resistance to tetracycline, sulfonamide, penicillin, fluoroquinolone, and colistin. Key genes included tetA, sul2, blaTEM-1b, mcr-1, qnrS1, and others, along with mutations in gyrA, parC, parE, and pmrB.

The study identified several AMR genes in mink pathogens, including beta-lactamases (blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-1), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B)), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aadA5, aadA1), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul2), dihydrofolate reductase genes (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA8, dfrA14), macrolide/lincosamide/streptogramin B resistance genes (erm), lincomycin resistance gene (lnu(A)), spectinomycin resistance gene (spc), and additional sulfonamide and trimethoprim resistance genes (sul1, sul3, dfrK, dfrG).

The study highlights the utility of whole genome sequencing (WGS) in monitoring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) trends, particularly in identifying ESBL genes such as bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15, bla SHV-12, bla CMY-2, and bla DHA-1, along with other resistance genes like sul2, tet(A), dfrA17, aadA5, ant3-1a, strA, strB, and fosA3 in E. coli isolates from pig surveillance.

The study identifies the blaCTX-M-15 gene as a major contributor to cephalosporin resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from Malawi, along with other AMR genes such as aac(3)-IIa, aac(3)-IId, aadA5, ant(3'')-Ih, aph(3'')-Ib, aph(3')-Ia, aph(6)-Id, strA, strB, acrF, emrD, mdtM, blaTEM-1, catA1, catB3, dfrA17, sul2, mph(A), and tet(A).

The study identified various AMR genes in E. coli isolates from bloodstream infections, including genes conferring resistance to beta-lactams, macrolides, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim. Additionally, mutations in quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA, parC, and parE were associated with ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in bacterial isolates from chronic non-healing wounds, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, macrolide resistance genes, and others. These genes were found in various bacterial species such as E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and others.

The study identified several beta-lactamase genes, including bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15, and bla CMY-2, which confer resistance to various beta-lactam antibiotics in enterobacteria from pigs. Additionally, bla IMP-7 was found to confer resistance to carbapenems in Providencia rettgeri.

The study identified several beta-lactamase genes, including bla TEM, bla OXA, bla SHV, and bla KPC, as well as other resistance genes such as CTX-M-15, CTX-M-55, OXA-1, OXA-72, OXA-132, KPC-3, QnrS1, QnrB19, sul2, sul1, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA17, mphA, aadA, aadA2, aadA5, ampC, ampC1, ampH, PmrF, bacA, and eptA, in various Gram-negative bacterial isolates from the Isabela River in the Dominican Republic.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes in endophytic ESBL-producing Enterobacterales isolated from fresh vegetables, highlighting their potential role in the spread of antibiotic resistance.

The study identified several beta-lactamase genes, including bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-55, bla CTX-M-65, bla SHV-12, bla SHV-28, bla SHV-81, bla TEM-1B, bla TEM-52C, bla CARB-2, bla OXA-1, bla DHA-1, and bla CMY-2, along with other AMR genes such as aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aadA1, aadA2, aph(4)-Ia, oqxA, oqxB, qnrB1, qnrS1, floR, sul2, sul1, tet(A), dfrA14, dfrA1, dfrA17, dfrA8, dfrA12, dfrA16, dfrA15, catB3, cmlA1, arr-2, and qnrB19, which confer resistance to various antibiotics in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from food products.

The study identifies several AMR genes, including bla CTX-M-15, bla KPC-3, aac(6')-Ib-cr5, and various dfr and aad genes, in wastewater isolates, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in wastewater treatment plants.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from chronic wounds in Ghana, including beta-lactamases, fosfomycin resistance genes, chloramphenicol resistance genes, aminoglycoside resistance genes, fluoroquinolone resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, sulfonamide resistance genes, trimethoprim resistance genes, and efflux pumps. Mutations in gyrA, parE, and parC were also found to contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified armA and multiple aminoglycoside resistance genes (AMEs) on a conjugative IncHI5 plasmid in a high-level aminoglycoside-resistant Klebsiella variicola isolate. The plasmid p2757-346 carried two copies of armA along with six AME genes, highlighting the potential for dissemination of these resistance determinants.

The study identified various beta-lactam-resistant Escherichia coli strains from Australian fruit bats, highlighting the presence of multiple AMR genes such as bla TEM-1A, bla TEM-1B, bla CTX-M-27, bla NDM-5, and others, indicating anthropogenic origins of these resistant strains.

Six unique resistance plasmids were identified that can transfer to Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella aerogenes, and E. coli, carrying 3-6 antibiotic resistance genes conferring resistance to 2-4 antibiotic classes.

The study identified various AMR genes in commensal E. coli strains from wildlife, including bla TEM-1, bla CTX-M-1, tet(A), tet(B), and several resistance gene cassettes in integrons. These genes were found to confer resistance to multiple antibiotics, highlighting the presence of AMR in wildlife E. coli populations.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in E. coli isolates from different animal sources, highlighting the presence of ESBL genes such as bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1B, and bla CMY-28, as well as mutations in parC and gyrA that confer resistance to fluoroquinolones.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including blaTEM, floR, dfrA1, dfrA17, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, catB3, sat1, and blaPse1, in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from diarrhoeic calves in Egypt. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and others.

The study identified various beta-lactamase genes, including blaSHV-11, blaKPC-2, and blaNDM-1, along with qnrS1, aadA1, dfrA1, and sul1, which contribute to multidrug resistance in extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates.

The study identifies multidrug-resistant E. coli ST182 isolates from airline waste carrying genes such as blaCTX-M-15, qnrS1, aadA5, mphA, sul1, and dfrA17, along with the S83L mutation in gyrA, contributing to resistance against multiple antibiotics.

The study identifies three novel variants of PmGRI1 and a hybrid structure combining Tn7-like transposon and PmGRI1 in Proteus mirabilis, highlighting their role in carrying multiple antibiotic resistance genes.

The study identified various CTX-M-type beta-lactamase genes, including bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-32, bla CTX-M-55, and bla CTX-M-65, as well as other beta-lactamase genes such as bla TEM-1, bla CARB-2, and bla CMY-2 in ESBL E. coli isolates from sheep and their abattoir environment. Additional AMR genes related to aminoglycosides, macrolides, phenicols, quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim were also detected.

The study identified several beta-lactamase genes, including bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-55, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-3, bla SHV-12, and bla TEM-1, which confer resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Other resistance genes such as aadA5, aph(3")-Ib, aph(6)-Id, mph(A), sul1, sul2, tet(A), and dfrA17, dfrA12, dfrA1, and dfrA14 were also characterized, providing insights into the multidrug resistance profiles of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates in Finland.

The study identified 88 acquired antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in 166 Morganella isolates, with a focus on tetracycline, aminoglycoside, sulfonamide, trimethoprim, and beta-lactam resistance genes. Key ARGs included blaKPC-2, blaNDM-1, aacA4, aadA5, dfrA17, catB3, arr-3, blaOXA-1, aacA4cr, mph(A), rmtB, sul2, floR, qnrS1, tetA, and ermB.

The study identifies several beta-lactamase genes, including blaCTX-M-1, blaKPC-2, blaTEM-350, blaOXA-1, and blaCTX-M-15, as well as various aminoglycoside, macrolide, and tetracycline resistance genes in cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates from hospital and urban wastewater. Mutations in parC, parE, and gyrA contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies bla NDM-5 producing Escherichia coli in Tanzania, highlighting the presence of carbapenem resistance and other resistance genes on various plasmids.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in highly drug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from veal calves, including blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M-15, mph(A), erm(B), aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrS1, aadA5, aadA1, aph(3')-Ic, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-Ib, aph(6')-Id, sul1, sul2, tet(A), and tet(B). Additionally, mutations in gyrA (S83L, D87N) and parC (A56T) were found to contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from surface water in north-western Mexico, including international high-risk lineages ST410 and ST617. These isolates carried various AMR genes such as blaTEM-1B, blaCTX-M-15, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aac(3)-IIa, aac(3)-IId, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3'')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, floR, cmlA1, lnu(F), mdf(A), sul2, sul3, tet(A), tet(B), dfrA12, and dfrA17. Additionally, mutations in gyrA (S83L, D87N), parC (S80I), and parE (S458A) were found to contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the gut microbiome of Bangladeshi children, including bla CTX-M, mph(A), qnrS1, mdf(A), tet(A), sul2, aadA5, tet(X), erm(X), nimE, dfrA17, bla TEM, and ant(6’)-Ia. These genes were associated with resistance to various antibiotics such as third-generation cephalosporins, azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, streptomycin, spectinomycin, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, nitroimidazoles, trimethoprim, penicillins, and aminoglycosides.

The study identified several AMR genes in bla NDM-1 -harboring CREC isolates, including bla NDM-1, aac(3)-IId, aph(3")-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aadA5, aadA16, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrB6, ARR-3, dfrA17, dfrA27, sul1, sul2, tet(A), mph(A), bla TEM-1C, bla TEM-57, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-15, and bla CMY-2. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics, including carbapenems, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, rifampicin, trimethoprim, sulfonamides, tetracycline, and macrolides.

The study identified multiple AMR genes on IncHI5 plasmids in Klebsiella michiganensis, including beta-lactamases (blaCTX-M-3, blaTEM-1, blaSHV-12, blaIMP-4, blaNDM-1, blaOXA-1, blaOXA-16, blaSFO-1, blaSIM-1), aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (aacA4, arr3, aadA5, gcu37, dfrA1), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (catA2), streptomycin resistance genes (strA, strB), macrolide resistance genes (msrAB, mph(A)), and quaternary ammonium compound resistance gene (qacG2).

The paper characterizes Escherichia coli ST1193 as an emerging multidrug-resistant clone with various AMR determinants, including beta-lactamases (bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-55, bla OXA-1, bla TEM-1, bla CMY-42, bla CMY-2), aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (aac(3)-IIa, aac(3)-IId, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aph(3′′)-Ib, aph(6)-Id), and other resistance genes (mcr-1, mph(A), erm(B), dfrA8, dfrA12, dfrA17, sul1, sul2, tetA, tetB).

The study identified several β-lactamase genes, including bla CTX-M-27, bla TEM-1, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-30, and bla SHV-12, along with a variety of other AMR genes such as aadA5, aph(3''-Ib), aph(6)-Id, aac(3)-IIa, sul1, sul2, dfrA17, dfrA14, qnrB1, tet(A), mph(A), qacE∆, and catB3, which confer resistance to various antibiotics in Enterobacterales isolated from hospital effluents and wastewater treatment plants.

The study identified several AMR genes in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from pigs, including blaCTX-M-15, aminoglycoside resistance genes, qnrS1, and mcr-1, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains with potential implications for human health.

The study identified a highly virulent and multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strain ST58 from a pork sausage in Germany, carrying resistance genes for beta-lactams, macrolides, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and diaminopyrimidines, along with heavy metal resistance genes.

The paper discusses the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, focusing on beta-lactam, glycopeptide, oxazolidinone, MLS-B, aminoglycoside, and other resistance mechanisms. Key genes identified include blaZ, mecA, mecC, vanA, cfr, ermA, ermC, aac(6')-Ib, aph(3')-IIIa, and aadD. Mutations in pbp2 and pbp2a were also found to contribute to resistance.

The study identifies that the plasmid pKSR100 confers a broader range of antimicrobial resistance compared to pAPR100, contributing to its greater epidemiological success. pKSR100 carries more AMR genes, including those for macrolides, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines, while pAPR100 has fewer AMR genes, primarily for macrolides, beta-lactams, and tetracyclines.

The study identified four variants of bla CTX-M (CTX-M-15, CTX-M-55, CTX-M-64, and CTX-M-65) in extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli from livestock and in-contact humans in Southeast Nigeria. Other AMR genes such as bla TEM-1b, aac 3-IId, qnr S1, and sul 2 were also characterized.

The study identified various beta-lactam-resistant Escherichia coli strains in South Australian grey-headed flying fox pups, including resistance genes such as blaTEM-1B, blaTEM-1C, blaTEM-33, blaCMY-2, dfrA17, aadA5, dfrA5, sul2, tet(A), tet(B), and catA1.

The study identified bla CMY-2, bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15, and bla OXA-1 genes in ESBL- and AmpC-producing E. coli isolates from New Zealand dairy farms, highlighting the presence of plasmid-mediated resistance mechanisms.

The study identified several aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, including aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-VIa, aac(3)-IIa, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, aac(3)-IVa, ant(2″)-Ia, aadA5, aadA1, aadA2, aph(3″)-Ib, and strA, as key contributors to gentamicin and spectinomycin resistance in Escherichia coli from human and chicken sources in Canada.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in Escherichia coli ST410, including bla OXA-181, bla NDM-5, bla CTX-M-15, and mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE that confer resistance to carbapenems, cephalosporins, penicillins, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and fluoroquinolones.

The study describes an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) E. coli ST361 isolate co-carrying bla KPC-3, bla NDM-5, and various other resistance genes on multiple plasmids, showing resistance to nearly all antibiotics except tigecycline, colistin, and fosfomycin.

The study identified ESBL-producing E. coli in river water in northern Thailand, with bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-55, bla CTX-M-14, and bla CTX-M-27 being the most prevalent beta-lactamase genes. Additionally, mcr-1.1 and mcr-3.4 genes were found to confer resistance to colistin. Various other resistance genes were also characterized, including aac(3)-IId, aadA5, ant(3″)-Ia, aph(3″)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, qnrS1, mdf(A), erm(B), mph(A), floR, sul2, sul3, tet(A), tet(X), tet(M), dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA17, cmlA1, catA2, lnu(F), and erm(42).

The study identifies multiple AMR genes, including bla OXA-181, bla TEM-1B, aac (3)-IId, aad A2, cml A1, dfr A12, mef (B), sul 3, tet (A), tet (M), incX3, incX1, incFII, qnr S1, aph (3″)-Ib, aph (6)-Id, flo R, lnu (F), sul 2, sul 3, tet (B), mph (A), mph (G), qnr B4, rmt B, and fos A3, in OXA-181-producing E. coli isolates from pigs and bovines in Italy. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics, including carbapenems, cephalosporins, penicillins, aminoglycosides, trimethoprim, macrolides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and fosfomycin.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in a sludge bulking wastewater treatment plant, including sul1, aadA5, ErmF, tet(A), and msrE, which confer resistance to sulfonamide, aminoglycoside, macrolide, tetracycline, and other antibiotics.

The paper discusses the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in bivalve molluscs, highlighting the spread of resistance to various antibiotics such as colistin, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. It emphasizes the role of bivalve aquacultures in the dissemination of ARGs and the potential risks to human health through the food chain.

The study identifies a diverse array of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes across various plasmid replicon types in enteric pathogens, highlighting the prevalence of resistance genes in plasmids such as IncHI2, IncN, IncA/C, IncP, IncHI1, and IncFIA. Key AMR genes include aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-IIg, aac(6')-Ib3, aadA1, aadA5, aph(3'')-Ib, bla CMY-2, bla CTX-M-27, bla NDM-1, mcr-9.1, and others, which confer resistance to antibiotics such as gentamicin, cephalosporins, carbapenems, colistin, and tetracycline.

The study identifies several AMR genes, including mcr-1, mcr-3, mcr-4, aadA5, catA1, bla CMY-2, bla CTX-M-55, dfrA17, fosA, mph(A), rmtB, strA, strB, sul1, sul2, bla TEM-1B, and bla CMY-48, which confer resistance to various antibiotics in different bacterial strains.

The study identified bla KPC-2 and bla NDM-5 as the main carbapenem resistance genes in carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC) isolates. Additionally, various other resistance genes were detected, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (CTX-M-14, CTX-M-15, CTX-M-27, CTX-M-3, OXA-1, OXA-10, TEM-1), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-Iva, aac(6′)-Ib-AKT, aac(6′)-Ib-D181Y, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aph(3″)-Ib, aph(3′)-Ia, aph(4)-Ia, aph(6)-Id), quinolone resistance genes (qnrS1, qnrS2), tetracycline resistance genes (oqxA10, oqxB17), fosfomycin resistance gene (fosA3), and chloramphenicol resistance genes (cmlA1, cmlA5).

The study identified various AMR genes in sepsis-causing bacteria, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, tetracycline resistance genes, and others, highlighting the complexity of AMR in these pathogens.

The study identifies a multidrug-resistant ST648 Escherichia coli isolate carrying bla(KPC-2) and bla(CTX-M-15) genes, along with other resistance genes such as tet(B), mdf(A), mph(A), dfrA17, aadA5, and sul1.

Urinary E. coli plasmids reduce permissivity to coliphage infection. Specific plasmid-encoded genes such as bla TEM-1B, aadA5, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, tet(B), sul2, dfrA17, mph(A), qacE, catB3, traT, and senB contribute to antibiotic resistance and phage resistance.

The study identified beta-lactamase genes (blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M-55, blaCTX-M-27), tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(3)-IId, aadA5, ant(3")-Ia, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3")-lb, aph(6)-ld), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3), amphenicol resistance gene (floR), trimethoprim resistance genes (dfrA1, dfrA17), and MLS resistance genes (Inu(F), erm(B), mph(A)) in E. coli isolates from coyotes and wild hogs. Additionally, chromosomal mutations in ampC, gyrA, parC, and parE were found to confer resistance to beta-lactam and quinolone antibiotics.

The study evaluates the impact of various de novo assembly and read correction tools on the identification of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, plasmids, and virulence factors in clinical Escherichia coli isolates using Oxford Nanopore sequencing. It highlights the effectiveness of Flye and Canu in detecting AMR genes and the importance of read correction tools like Medaka and Racon in improving assembly quality and AMR gene detection.

The study identified bla(NDM-1), bla(OXA-48), qnrS1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, armA, bla(CTX-M-15), sul1, dfrA, aadA5, and qnrB1 as key resistance genes in CC147 subpopulations of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Additionally, a mutation in ompK36 was found to contribute to decreased susceptibility to antibiotics.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in the E. coli EQ101 isolate, including genes involved in antibiotic efflux, inactivation, and drug replacement. Key resistance genes include TolC, emrR, evgA, qacEdelta1, H-NS, cpxA, mdtM, aadA5, mphA, CTX-M-15, sul1, and dfrA14.

The study reports the first mcr-1 positive multidrug-resistant E. coli strain isolated from pigs in Croatia. The strain was resistant to colistin, gentamicin, ampicillin, cefepime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin. The mcr-1 gene was located on an IncX4 plasmid, along with other resistance genes such as bla TEM-1B, bla CTX-M-1, aac(3)-IId, aph(3’)-Ia, aadA5, sul2, and catA1. Mutations in gyrA (S83L, D87N) and parC (A56T, S80I) were also identified, contributing to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified various AMR genes in multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates, including blaCTX-M-15, blaTEM-1B, blaOXA-1, and others, which confer resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, macrolides, and quinolones. Additionally, chromosomal mutations in gyrA and parC were found to contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies tet(X4) and tmexCD1-toprJ1 as key genes contributing to tigecycline resistance in E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from hospital sewage, highlighting the role of plasmid-mediated resistance and efflux pump overexpression.

The study identifies blaIMP-4 and blaIMP-26 as carbapenemase genes responsible for carbapenem resistance in Enterobacterales. Additionally, various other AMR genes such as aac(6')-lb3, armAC, aph(3'')-lb, aph(6)-ld, aadA5, aac(6')-llc, aac(3)-IId, dfrA19, dfrA1, sul1, tet(D), tet(A), qnrS1, qnrB4, msr(E), mph(E), ere(A), mph(A), mcr-9, and ARR-3 were characterized for their roles in resistance to different antibiotics.

The study identifies 54 AMR genes and three AMR gene cassettes in the plasmid-free, highly drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Indiana isolate S1467, contributing to resistance against multiple antimicrobial classes.

The study identifies a multidrug-resistant E. coli ST69 strain carrying the bla(CTX-M-27) gene on a hybrid plasmid, along with various other antibiotic resistance genes such as aminoglycoside, macrolide, sulfonamide, tetracycline, and trimethoprim resistance genes.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in E. coli isolates from bovine mastitis, including blaTEM, blaCTX, dfrA1, dfrA1-aadA1, dfrA1-catB2-aadA1, dfrA17-aadA5, aadA1, aadA5, catB2, catB3, and mutations in gyrA, parC, gyrB, and parE associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified various beta-lactamase genes, including bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1b, bla OXA-1, and carbapenem resistance genes like bla NDM-5, bla NDM-7, and bla NDM-1, in ESBL-producing and carbapenem-resistant E. coli isolates from Bangladesh.

The study identified multiple drug resistance genes in E. coli isolates from yolk peritonitis cases, including aadA5, APH(3")-Ib, APH(6)-Id, TEM-1, sul1, sul2, parC, gyrA, mfd, kdpE, mphA, and Mrx, which confer resistance to aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, sulfonamides, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in E. coli isolates, including bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1B, tet(A), qnrS1, and others, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance in the region.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in Salmonella Pullorum isolates from China, including aac(6')-Iaa, aadA5, blaTEM1β, sul2, tet(A), and qacE, as well as gyrA mutations (S83F, S84F, D87N), which are associated with resistance to streptomycin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and disinfectants.

The study identified numerous antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in uropathogenic E. coli isolates, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, tetracycline resistance genes, and quinolone resistance genes. Mutations in gyrA, parC, parE, and marR were associated with fluoroquinolone resistance, while mutations in PmrB, CyaA, GlpT, PtsI, and UhpT were linked to fosfomycin resistance.

The study identified multiple carbapenem resistance genes, including bla KPC-2, bla PDC-36/12, and bla POM-1, in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated from a pediatric hospital in the Gaza Strip. These genes were found in various bacterial species such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations in wastewater isolates from Pakistan, highlighting the presence of carbapenemases like blaNDM-5 and blaOXA-1, as well as quinolone resistance determinants such as gyrA and parC mutations. These findings emphasize the role of wastewater as a reservoir for clinically relevant AMR genes.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in E. coli isolates from wild animals, including beta-lactamases (bla TEM-1B, bla CTX-M-65, bla CTX-M-55, bla EC-1982), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(3)-IIa, aadA2, aadA5, ant(3")-Ia, aph(3")-Ib, aph(3′)-Ia, aph(6)-Id), tetracycline resistance genes (tetB, tetA), trimethoprim resistance genes (dfrA17, dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA12), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3), macrolide/lincosamide/streptogramin resistance genes (mphB, lnuF, ermC, mefC), quinolone resistance genes (qnrB19, qnrB5, qnrS1, qnrS2), and others. Additionally, point mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE were associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified multiple ESBL and AmpC β-lactamase genes, including bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-55, bla CTX-M-3, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-65, bla SHV-12, bla SHV-42, bla DHA-1, bla CMY-2, bla CMY-3, bla CMY-46, bla CMY-101, bla ACT-16, bla CMH-like, and bla MIR-9, along with other AMR genes such as mcr-1, qnrS1, aac(6')-Ib-cr5, and various tetracycline, aminoglycoside, sulfonamide, chloramphenicol, macrolide, lincosamide, and rifampicin resistance genes in Enterobacterales isolates from imported healthy reptiles.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, including blaZ, grlA, grlB, gyrA, mecA, ermC, aph(6)-Id, aph(3")-Ib, aadA5, blaCTX-M-27, mph(A), sul1, sul2, tet(A), and dfrA17. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and macrolides.

The study identifies several clinically relevant AMR genes, including beta-lactamases (bla CTX-M, bla TEM, bla SHV, bla VIM-1), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aadA5, dfrA17, mph(A)), quinolone resistance gene (qnrS1), and sulfonamide resistance gene (sul1), which were found in anthropogenically affected lettuce samples. These genes were associated with multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae and were capable of horizontal gene transfer.

This review highlights the pathogenesis, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance genes of Riemerella anatipestifer, emphasizing its significance in poultry farming and the need for further research on its resistance mechanisms.

The study identified blaDHA-1 as the predominant AmpC gene in E. coli and blaOXA-232 and blaNDM-5 as the primary carbapenemases in K. pneumoniae. Additionally, various other resistance genes such as blaCTX-M-15, blaOXA-1, blaTEM-1B, qnrB4, aac(6')-Ib, and armA were characterized.

The study identifies several AMR genes, including bla CTX-M-15, floR, and various tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes, highlighting the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria in Nigeria's environment, food supply chain, and clinical settings.

The study identified multiple β-lactamase genes, including bla TEM-1, bla CTX-M-15, and bla OXA-1, along with other AMR genes such as aadA5, aph(3")-Ib, aph(6)-Id, mphA, sul1, sul2, tetA, dfrA17, and aac(6')-Ib-cr5, which confer resistance to various antimicrobial classes in bloodstream E. coli isolates.

The study identifies various acquired antibiotic resistance genes in Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter spp. in the Western Balkans and Hungary, including beta-lactamases like bla VIM-2-like, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-23, and bla OXA-66, aminoglycoside resistance genes such as aacA4, aadA2, and aphA, sulfonamide resistance gene sul1, and others. These genes confer resistance to multiple antibiotics, highlighting the complexity of antimicrobial resistance in the region.

The study identified 30 different resistance determinants in 14 whole genome sequenced E. coli isolates from poultry farms in Abeokuta, Nigeria. These included genes such as blaTEM-1B, blaCARB-2, aph(3'')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, floR, sul1, sul2, tet(A), and tet(B), among others, which conferred resistance to various antimicrobial classes.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in a multidrug-resistant E. coli strain from poultry in Nigeria, including blaCTX-M-15, blaOXA-1, blaTEM-1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aadA5, aph(3'')-Ib, sul1, sul2, tet(A), mph(A), and dfrA17, highlighting the role of plasmids in the spread of resistance.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from broilers in Tunisia, including bla CTX-M-G1, bla TEM, bla SHV, bla OXA-48, bla IMP, mcr-1, aadA-1, aadA-5, aac(6)-Ib-cr, qnrS, and qnrB.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in E. coli isolates from both humans and pets, including blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M-15, blaTEM-1B, and mutations in gyrA and parC. These findings highlight the presence of multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales in healthy individuals and their companion animals.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes, including blaCTX-M-15, blaTEM-1D, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aadA16, strB, qnrS1, sul2, sul1, catII.2, tet(A), dfrA14, arr-3, and mphA, in ESBL-KpSC isolates from East Africa, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, including blaOXA-1, sul1, aadA5, aac(6')-Ib-cr, catB3, and dfrA17, in the conjugative plasmid pNS30-1 of E. coli NS30. These genes contribute to multidrug resistance and are part of a Tn402-type class 1 integron. The plasmid is capable of horizontal transfer, highlighting its role in the dissemination of AMR.

The study identified two distinct Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, ST147 and ST967, with varying resistance profiles. ST147 isolates harbored multiple resistance genes including bla OXA−181, aadA, aadA5, bla CTX−M−15, bla OXA−1, bla SHV−11, bla TEM−1, sul1, qnrS1, and tet(A), while ST967 had a more limited resistome with aac(3)-IIa, bla SHV−27, and dfrA14.

The study identifies bla(NDM-1) as a key carbapenem resistance gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Kerman, Iran, highlighting its role in multidrug resistance and the need for monitoring its spread.