Browse AMR Genes
Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature
Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature
APH(6) family putative aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase
Overview
| Allele | Database | Papers | Drug Classes | Organisms | Countries | Years | Sequence Accession | Protein Accession |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aph(6) | Reference Gene CatalogResFinder DatabaseReslit | 13 | AMINOGLYCOSIDE, BUTIROSIN +7 | Stenotrophomonas maltophilia +8 | Brazil, Caribbean, Iran, Russia, Lithuania, Southeastern U.S., India | 2008, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 | HQ424461.1 | ADQ43422.1 |
| aph(6)-Id_1 | Reslit | 3 | gentamicin, tobramycin +1 | Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis +3 | Kuwait, Italy, Hanoi, Vietnam | 2019, 2023 | PRJNA363099 | - |
| aph(6')-ld | Reslit | 1 | streptomycin | Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis | Australia | 2019 | NC_003277|KF290378|CP011396|ABAK02000001.1 | - |
| aph(6)-1d d | Reslit | 1 | gentamicin, kanamycin +1 | Acinetobacter +14 | Southwestern Nigeria | 2019 | - | - |
| aph(6)-Id [strB] | Reslit | 1 | streptomycin | Enterobacter cloacae complex | Guadeloupe|French West Indies | 2021 | PRJNA649757|PRJNA659514 | - |
| aph(6)-ld | Reslit | 10 | gentamicin, kanamycin +3 | Escherichia coli +7 | Singapore, Brazil, India, Sweden, West Texas, USA, Poland, North Carolina, China, Zimbabwe | 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 | PRJNA398288 | - |
| aph(6 )-Id_1 | Reslit | 1 | aminoglycosides | Salmonella enterica | Europe|Denmark|France|Germany|United Kingdom | 2021 | MF684783.1|CP055956.1|CP057682.1|CP055697.1|KF152885|HQ023861|KC853435.1|CP039562.1|MF543359.1 | - |
| aph6-ld | Reslit | 1 | gentamicin | Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica | Vietnam | 2022 | CP002895|NG_050417.1|NG_055505.1|MF449287|PRJEB44046 | - |
| aph6 | Reslit | 1 | gentamicin, kanamycin +1 | Escherichia coli | Peru | 2022 | - | - |
| aph(6)-Id (strB) | Reslit | 1 | aminoglycosides | Klebsiella pneumoniae | China | 2022 | CP093151|CP093152|CP093153 | - |
| aph_6 | Reslit | 1 | aminoglycosides | Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis | Colombia | 2023 | PRJEB35182|PRJEB47910 | - |
| aph 6 | Reslit | 1 | kanamycin | Escherichia coli | Oregon, USA|Oregon | 2024 | - | - |
| aph-6-ld | Reslit | 1 | kanamycin | Escherichia coli | Ibadan, Nigeria | 2025 | PRJEB8667 | - |
| aph(6)-id_2 | Reslit | 1 | aminoglycosides | Escherichia coli | Sub-Saharan Africa|Middle East & North Africa|South Asia|Europe | 2025 | - | - |
| APH (6) | Reslit | 1 | aminoglycosides | Klebsiella pneumoniae | - | 2025 | - | - |
The complete genome, comparative and functional analysis of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia reveals an organism heavily shielded by drug resistance determinants.
The complete genome, comparative and functional analysis of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia reveals an organism heavily shielded by drug resistance determinants.
Non-typhoidal Salmonella blood stream infection in Kuwait: Clinical and microbiological characteristics.
The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from Kuwait, including aac(6')-Iaa_1, aph(3'')-Ib_5, aph(3')-Ia_1, aph(6)-Id_1, blaCARB-2_1, blaTEM-1B_1, dfrA5_1, floR_2, sul2_2, tet(A)_6, tet(G)_2, and mutations in the gyrA gene. These genes and mutations were associated with resistance to various antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolones.
First report of Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- in free-ranging striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba), Italy.
The study identifies several AMR genes in Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolates from striped dolphins, including aph(3")-Ib_5, aph(6)-Id_1, blaTEM-1B_1, sul2_3, and tet(B)_4, which confer resistance to aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines.
Comparative Genomics and Phenotypic Investigations Into Antibiotic, Heavy Metal, and Disinfectant Susceptibilities of Salmonella enterica Strains Isolated in Australia.
The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in Salmonella enterica strains, including blaTEM-1, aph(3')-I, aph(6')-ld, dfrA5, tetA, and various arsenic resistance genes. A mutation in gyrA was also found to confer nalidixic acid resistance.
Genotypic Characterization of Aminoglycoside Resistance Genes from Bacteria Isolates in Selected Municipal Drinking Water Distribution Sources in Southwestern Nigeria.
The study identified the presence of aminoglycoside resistance genes aph(3") c, ant(3") b, and aph(6)-1d d in various bacteria isolated from municipal drinking water distribution systems in southwestern Nigeria, highlighting the potential for these genes to spread through mobile genetic elements.
Dissemination of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacter cloacae Complex from a Hospital to the Nearby Environment in Guadeloupe (French West Indies): ST114 Lineage Coding for a Successful IncHI2/ST1 Plasmid.
The study identifies the blaCTX-M-1 gene carried on an IncI1/ST3 plasmid in Enterobacter cloacae and Escherichia coli isolates from humans and wild animals in Guadeloupe, highlighting the dissemination of this resistance determinant in the environment.
Characterization of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Jurong Lake, Singapore with Whole-Genome-Sequencing.
The study identified several extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes, including bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-8, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-14, and bla CTX-M-55, along with mcr-1.1 and mcr-3.1 for colistin resistance. Additionally, various other resistance genes such as qnrS1, mdf(A), mph(A), and others were found in the isolates, indicating multidrug resistance.
The Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Microevolution Events That Favored the Success of the Highly Clonal Multidrug-Resistant Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium Circulating in Europe.
The study identifies various AMR genes in the highly clonal multidrug-resistant monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium ST34, including beta-lactamases, sulfonamide resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, phenicol resistance genes, and polymyxin resistance genes.
Metagenomic analysis of MWWTP effluent treated via solar photo-Fenton at neutral pH: Effects upon microbial community, priority pathogens, and antibiotic resistance genes.
Solar photo-Fenton treatment effectively removed a wide range of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) including those conferring resistance to sulfonamides, macrolides, tetracyclines, and beta-lactams. The study identified several ARGs such as sul1, sul2, tet(X), erm(F), mph(A), mph(E), msr(E), aadA, aph(3"), aph(6), strA, and blaBKC.
One Health Genomic Study of Human and Animal Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated at Diagnostic Laboratories on a Small Caribbean Island.
The study identified various AMR genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from humans and animals on St. Kitts, including bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1b, bla TEM-206, bla OXA-1, and others, highlighting host-specific differences in resistance profiles.
Evaluation of phenotypic and genotypic patterns of aminoglycoside resistance in the Gram-negative bacteria isolates collected from pediatric and general hospitals.
The study identified several aminoglycoside resistance genes, including aac(6')-Ib, aph(3')-VIe, aadA15, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-II, and aph(6), which were prevalent among Gram-negative bacteria isolates in Iran.
Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance in Non-typhoidal Salmonella Collected From Pork Retail Outlets and Slaughterhouses in Vietnam Using Whole Genome Sequencing.
The study identified several AMR genes in non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from pork retail outlets and slaughterhouses in Vietnam, including blaTEM-1, blaTEM-150, blaLAP-2, blaCTX-M-55, dfrA12, dfrA14, floR, cmlA1, tetA, tetB, tetM, mcr-1, mcr-3, qnrS1, mphA, aadA1, aadA2, aac(6')-laa, aac(6')-ly, sul1, sul2, sul3, aph(3")-lb, and aph6-ld. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, penicillins, first-generation cephalosporins, quinolones, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, colistin, macrolides, gentamicin, sulfonamides, and others.
Emergence, Dissemination and Antimicrobial Resistance of the Main Poultry-Associated Salmonella Serovars in Brazil.
The study characterizes antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and mutations in various Salmonella serovars associated with poultry in Brazil, emphasizing the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. Key findings include the identification of AMR genes such as blaCTX-M-2, blaTEM-1B, aac(3)-lla, aac(3)-lld, aadA1, aadA2, aph(6)-ld, dfrA1, floR, mrc-1, strA, strB, sul1, sul2, tet(A), tet(B), and others, which confer resistance to multiple antibiotics.
Whole genome sequencing and characteristics of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli isolated from poultry farms in Banaskantha, India.
The study identified multiple extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes, including bla TEM, bla SHV, bla OXA, and bla CTX-M subtypes, along with plasmid-mediated AMR genes such as qnrS1, tetA, dfrA14, sul2, aph(3")-lb, aph(6)-ld, and Aph(3')-la in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from poultry farms in India.
Distribution Patterns of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Their Bacterial Hosts in a Manure Lagoon of a Large-Scale Swine Finishing Facility.
The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in manure samples from a swine finishing facility, highlighting the prevalence of resistance to tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, and other antibiotics. Key genes included tet(M), lnuA, erm(35), aadS, mphB, dfrG, vga-type ABC-F, lsa-type ABC-F, msr-type ABC-F, optrA, and others, primarily found in Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidota. These genes were associated with resistance mechanisms such as target alteration, antibiotic inactivation, and efflux pumps.
Impact of international travel and diarrhea on gut microbiome and resistome dynamics.
The study identifies several antimicrobial resistance genes, including blaTEM-148, sul2, aph6, and tetA, in diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolates from international travelers, highlighting the increased resistance gene diversity associated with diarrhea.
Coexistence of Multidrug Resistance and Virulence in a Single Conjugative Plasmid from a Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolate of Sequence Type 25.
The study identifies a conjugative plasmid pCY814036-iucA carrying multidrug resistance genes and virulence factors, and another plasmid pCY814036-KPC2 harboring bla KPC-2 and rmtB, contributing to carbapenem resistance and hypervirulence in a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate.
Whole-Genome Analysis of Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella enterica Isolated from Duck Carcasses in Hanoi, Vietnam.
The study identified 43 antibiotic resistance genes in Salmonella enterica isolates from duck carcasses in Hanoi, Vietnam, including genes conferring resistance to multiple antibiotic classes such as aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, quinolones, and tetracyclines.
Antimicrobial Resistance in Vaginal Bacteria in Inseminated Mares.
The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli, S. equisimilis, and S. simulans, including sul1, sul2, dfrA1, dfrA14, tet(A), mdf(A), blaEC-5, blaTEM-1, blaTEM-1B, blaEC, catB3, aadA5, aph(6)-ld, lsaC, and blaZ, which conferred resistance to various antibiotics.
Novel Antibiotic Resistance Genes Identified by Functional Gene Library Screening in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Chryseobacterium spp. Bacteria of Soil Origin.
The study identified novel variants of aminoglycoside and beta-lactam resistance genes, including aph(3')-IIc, aph(6), ant(6), IND-17, and CHM, which confer resistance to kanamycin, streptomycin, and various beta-lactam antibiotics.
Genomic Characterization of Fecal Escherichia coli Isolates with Reduced Susceptibility to Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials from Wild Hogs and Coyotes.
The study identified beta-lactamase genes (blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M-55, blaCTX-M-27), tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(3)-IId, aadA5, ant(3")-Ia, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3")-lb, aph(6)-ld), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3), amphenicol resistance gene (floR), trimethoprim resistance genes (dfrA1, dfrA17), and MLS resistance genes (Inu(F), erm(B), mph(A)) in E. coli isolates from coyotes and wild hogs. Additionally, chromosomal mutations in ampC, gyrA, parC, and parE were found to confer resistance to beta-lactam and quinolone antibiotics.
Isolation and characterization of multidrug resistant Gallibacterium anatis biovar haemolytica strains from Polish geese and hens.
The study identified 25 different antimicrobial resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Gallibacterium anatis biovar haemolytica strains from Polish geese and hens, including tetB, blaTEM-1, blaROB-1, floR, sul2, sul3, dfrK, aadA1, aadA2, aph(3)-la, aph(3)-lb, aph(6)-ld, sat2, dfrA14, dfrA32, merC, merP, merR, merT, qacL, and cmlA1.
A One Health approach based on genomics for enhancing the Salmonella enterica surveillance in Colombia.
The study identified various AMR genes in Salmonella enterica serovars, including qnrB81, aph_6, sul2, tetA, blaCMY_2, qnrB19, aac_3_IV, blaLEN_15, aph4_la, aadA1, blaTEM_95, qnrB82, and mcr-5.1, which confer resistance to quinolones, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, beta-lactams, and colistin.
Tulathromycin metaphylaxis increases nasopharyngeal isolation of multidrug resistant Mannheimia haemolytica in stocker heifers.
The study found that tulathromycin metaphylaxis increased the isolation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mannheimia haemolytica (MH) in stocker heifers. MDR MH isolates were associated with integrative conjugative elements (ICE) carrying antimicrobial resistance genes.
High Diversity but Monodominance of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Immunocompromised Pediatric Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Developing GVHD Are Not Associated with Changes in Gut Mycobiome.
The study identifies multiple multidrug-resistant bacteria, including Enterococcus faecium and Klebsiella pneumoniae, carrying various resistance genes such as msr(C), erm(T), aac(6')-li, dfrG, ant(6)-la, aph(3")-Ib, sul2, and aph(6)-ld, which confer resistance to multiple antibiotics.
Characteristics of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from retail meat products in North Carolina.
The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli isolates from retail meat products in North Carolina, including aac(3)-IV, aadA1, aph(3'')-lb, blaTEM-1, tetB, and others, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug-resistant E. coli in ground turkey.
Mechanism for transmission and pathogenesis of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales harboring the carbapenemase IMP and clinical countermeasures.
The study identifies blaIMP-4 and blaIMP-26 as carbapenemase genes responsible for carbapenem resistance in Enterobacterales. Additionally, various other AMR genes such as aac(6')-lb3, armAC, aph(3'')-lb, aph(6)-ld, aadA5, aac(6')-llc, aac(3)-IId, dfrA19, dfrA1, sul1, tet(D), tet(A), qnrS1, qnrB4, msr(E), mph(E), ere(A), mph(A), mcr-9, and ARR-3 were characterized for their roles in resistance to different antibiotics.
Resolved genomes of wastewater ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and metagenomic analysis of source wastewater samples.
The study identified several beta-lactam resistance genes, including bla CTX-M-55, bla TEM-1, and bla SHV-2A, along with aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and sulfonamide resistance genes in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from wastewater samples.
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays for the detection of antimicrobial resistance elements in Vibrio cholera.
The study presents LAMP assays targeting AMR genes in Vibrio cholerae, including aph(6), varG, floR, qnrVC5, and almG, which confer resistance to aminoglycosides, penicillins/carbapenems, phenicol antibiotics, fluoroquinolones, and polymyxins, respectively.
Highly drug resistant clone of Salmonella Kentucky ST198 in clinical infections and poultry in Zimbabwe.
The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in Salmonella Kentucky ST198 strains from Zimbabwe, highlighting their multidrug resistance and the presence of specific resistance mechanisms such as blaCTX-M-14.1 and mutations in gyrA and parC.
Recent emergence of cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella Typhi in India due to the endemic clone acquiring IncFIB(K) plasmid encoding bla (CTX-M-15) gene.
The study identifies the emergence of a new clone of ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella Typhi in India, which acquired an IncFIB(K) plasmid encoding the bla(CTX-M-15) gene, along with other resistance determinants such as qnrS1, sul2, dfrA14, tet(A), aph(3"), and aph(6').
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia of clinical origin display higher temperature tolerance comparing with environmental isolates.
The study identifies several AMR genes in clinical and environmental Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates, including beta-lactamases (bla L1, bla L2), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aph(9), aph(3), aph(6)), and a quinolone resistance gene (smqnr). Clinical isolates showed higher prevalence of these genes compared to environmental isolates.
Transmissible antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from household drinking water in Ibadan, Nigeria.
The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli isolates from household water in Ibadan, Nigeria, including blaTEM-1B, dfrA14, tetA, qnrS1, and mcr-1, highlighting the potential for horizontal gene transfer and the risk of AMR spread in the environment.
Geographics and bacterial networks differently shape the acquired and latent global sewage resistomes.
The study identifies several AMR genes, including aph(6)-id_2, mef(c), mef(b), mph(e), mph(g), msr(d), lnu(b), lnu(d), aadA, ant(6)-Ia, blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA, qnrS1, mcr-1, and vanA, which are associated with resistance to various antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, macrolides, lincosamides, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, polymyxins, and glycopeptides.
Effect of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis duration for colic surgery on complications and resistome.
The study found that extending surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis beyond 24 hours did not increase postoperative complications but led to a higher abundance of beta-lactam resistance genes, including TEM, BlaZ, SHV, CfxA, and PBP2, as well as aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes like AAC(6'), ANT(3"), ANT(6), APH(2"), APH(3'), APH(3"), and APH(6) in the fecal resistome of horses.
PanARGMiner (Pan-Genomic Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Miner): An advanced feature selection framework for extracting key resistance genes from pan-genomic datasets.
PanARGMiner effectively identifies key resistance genes from pan-genomic datasets, including both known and novel AMR genes, across multiple bacterial species.
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