The study identified 11 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in Avibacterium paragallinarum P4chr1, including bl2d_oxa1, aph33ib, cml_e3, and tetB, which confer resistance to beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, phenicol, and tetracycline antibiotics, respectively. These ARGs were transferred via outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) to a susceptible strain, although the resistance was transient.