The armA gene, which confers resistance to 4,6-disubstituted deoxystreptamines and fortimicin, was found to be part of the composite transposon Tn1548, which is flanked by two copies of IS6 and is capable of replicative transposition.

The study characterizes the pCTX-M3 plasmid, which carries the blaCTX-M-3 gene, a extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, along with other resistance genes such as blaTEM-1, aadA2, aacC2, armA, dfrA12, and sul1, contributing to resistance against beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and sulfonamides.

The study identified the presence of the armA and rmtB genes in amikacin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates, which confer high-level resistance to aminoglycosides. These genes were found to be carried by various conjugative plasmids, contributing to the spread of multidrug resistance.

The study identified blaOXA-23 and armA as key genes contributing to carbapenem and amikacin resistance in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial-resistance genes, including blaKPC-2, ampC, rmtB, and armA, in a carbapenem-resistant Citrobacter freundii clinical isolate from China.

The study reports the first identification of the bla NDM-1 metallo-β-lactamase gene in Australia, along with the extended-spectrum β-lactamase CTX-M-15 and 16S rRNA methylases ArmA and RmtB, which confer high-level resistance to aminoglycosides in a multidrug-resistant E. coli isolate.

The study identifies ArmA and RmtA as aminoglycoside resistance methyltransferases that methylate G1405 in the 16S rRNA of the 30S ribosomal subunit, conferring resistance to aminoglycosides.

The study reports the emergence of NDM-1-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Belgium, highlighting the presence of multiple resistance mechanisms including blaNDM-1, qnrA6, qnrB1, qnrB2, and various beta-lactamases, rRNA methylases, and quinolone resistance genes.

The study reports the complete sequencing of the plasmid pNDM-HK, which encodes the NDM-1 carbapenemase. The plasmid contains multiple resistance genes, including blaNDM-1, aacC2, armA, and blaTEM-1, contributing to resistance against carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and beta-lactams.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations in the multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strain MDR-ZJ06, including bla oxa-23, armA, and various efflux pumps, contributing to resistance against multiple antibiotics.

The study identifies the ArmA methyltransferase in a multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica isolate from food, highlighting its role in high-level resistance to aminoglycosides and other antibiotics.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes including blaOXA-51-like, blaOXA-23, blaIMP-1, blaVIM-2, aac(6')-Ib, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-VI, and armA in imipenem-nonsusceptible Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex isolates. Additionally, mutations in gyrA and parC were found to confer fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study characterizes multiple AMR genes and mutations in Acinetobacter spp., including OXA-type carbapenemases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, and fluoroquinolone resistance genes, highlighting the increasing challenge of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter infections.

The paper discusses various virulence factors and mechanisms contributing to the pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii, including biofilm formation, surface polysaccharides, and outer membrane proteins.

The paper highlights the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens, focusing on extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) such as CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-14, carbapenemases like KPC-2, VIM-2, and IMP-6, and aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes such as aac(6')-Ib-cr and armA. It emphasizes the global dissemination of these resistance mechanisms and their impact on treatment options.

The study developed a high-throughput GeXP assay for the simultaneous detection of seven aminoglycoside-resistance genes, including five aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and two 16S rRNA methyltransferases, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity.

The study identifies the emergence of 16S rRNA methylase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in hospitals in Vietnam, highlighting the presence of armA and rmtB genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, along with bla OXA-23-like and bla OXA-51-like genes contributing to carbapenem resistance.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and resistance islands in three multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, highlighting the role of genomic plasticity in the dissemination of resistance mechanisms.

The study reports the first case of a nosocomial infection in a neonatal ICU in Korea caused by ST357 multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains. The isolates exhibited resistance to several antibiotics, including amikacin, gentamicin, ceftazidime, cefepime, and ciprofloxacin, due to the presence of aac(6')-Ib, aph(3')-Ia, armA, and mutations in gyrA and parC.

The study developed a DNA microarray for genotyping antibiotic resistance determinants in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates, identifying numerous resistance genes and mutations associated with carbapenem, aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolone, and other antibiotic resistances.

The study reports the first identification of NDM-1-producing Acinetobacter baumannii in East Africa, highlighting the presence of various resistance genes including bla(NDM-1), bla(OXA-23), bla(OXA-51-like), bla(ADC), armA, aadB, aac(6')-Ib, and aph(3')-VI.

The study identifies multidrug-resistant Providencia rettgeri clinical isolates in Nepal carrying bla NDM-1, bla OXA-72, and armA genes, which confer resistance to carbapenems and aminoglycosides.

The study identifies blaOXA-51-like and blaOXA-66 as beta-lactamase genes, armA as an aminoglycoside resistance gene, and mutations in gyrA and parC as quinolone resistance mechanisms in Acinetobacter baumannii ST208.

The study identifies the coexistence of blaNDM-1, blaKPC-2, and armA in Brazilian Enterobacteriaceae isolates, highlighting the complex resistance mechanisms in these pathogens.

The study reports the identification of four carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative species, each carrying distinct carbapenemases: NDM-1 in E. coli, KPC-2 in K. pneumoniae, IMP-1 in E. aerogenes, and OXA-23 in A. baumannii. Additionally, the 16S rRNA methyltransferase genes armA and rmtB were identified, contributing to aminoglycoside resistance.

The study identifies a novel mutation in the pmrB gene (Glu229Asp) and the acquisition of the armA gene as mechanisms contributing to colistin and aminoglycoside resistance in a pan-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolate.

The study identified several AMR genes, including bla CTX-M, bla TEM, armA, aadA2, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and ant(2")-Ia, in Enterobacter cloacae isolates from Algeria and France, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance in these isolates.

The study identifies an MDR IncR plasmid carrying armA, blaDHA-1, and qnrB4 in K. pneumoniae ST37 isolates, highlighting the dissemination of these resistance genes.

The study identified blaOXA-23 and blaAmpC genes contributing to carbapenem and extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance, and mutations in pmrA, pmrB, lpxD, lpxC, and lpsB genes linked to polymyxin resistance in A. baumannii AC30.

The study identified various aminoglycoside resistance genes and novel transposons, including Tn6279, ΔTn6279, and Tn1548-like structures, contributing to the resistance of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates.

The paper discusses the emergence and characteristics of acquired 16S ribosomal RNA methyltransferases (16S-RMTases) that confer resistance to aminoglycosides, particularly in gram-negative bacteria. It highlights the importance of these genes in multidrug-resistant organisms and their association with other resistance mechanisms such as carbapenemases.

The study reports the first occurrence of OXA-72-producing Acinetobacter baumannii in Serbia, highlighting the presence of multiple AMR genes including blaOXA-72, aadA2, strA, strB, aphA6, armA, blaADC-25, and blaOXA-66, along with fluoroquinolone resistance mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE.

The study identifies NDM-1 as a major carbapenem resistance determinant in Acinetobacter spp. causing neonatal sepsis, along with other beta-lactamases like OXA-23-like, OXA-58-like, PER-1, VEB-2, and aminoglycoside modifying enzymes such as aac(6')-Ib, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and armA.

The study identified the presence of 16S rRNA methylase genes armA and rmtB in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolates from Algerian hospitals, highlighting the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains.

The study identified bla OXA-23 as the primary contributor to carbapenem resistance in MDR A. baumannii, armA as a key gene for amikacin resistance, and aac(3)-I as contributing to gentamicin and tobramycin resistance.

The study identifies five distinct forms of AbGRI3 in extensively antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Singapore, highlighting the genetic diversity and evolution of resistance islands carrying the armA gene, which confers resistance to aminoglycosides.

The study presents a rapid colorimetric test for detecting multiple aminoglycoside resistance in Enterobacteriaceae, focusing on the identification of 16S rRNA methylases (armA, rmtB, rmtC, rmtF, rmtG, npmA) and aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (aac(3)-IV, aac(3)-Ia, aac(3)-V, aph(3')-I, aph(3')-Ib, ant(2'')).

The study identified several 16S rRNA methyltransferase genes (armA, rmtA, rmtB, rmtC, rmtD) responsible for aminoglycoside resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolates, highlighting their prevalence and association with multidrug resistance.

The study identified the high prevalence of 16S rRNA methyltransferase genes rmtB and armA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from companion animals in China, along with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes such as bla CTX-M-55, bla TEM-1, and bla SHV-1.

The study identified the armA gene in 66.7% of K. pneumoniae isolates, which confers resistance to aminoglycosides. Additionally, 7.4% of isolates were KPC enzyme positive, indicating resistance to carbapenems.

The study identified aminoglycoside resistance genes aph(3')I, aph(3')VIa, and armA in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from ICU patients in Northeastern India, contributing to high-level resistance to gentamicin and amikacin.

The paper discusses the characterization of various antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), AmpC cephalosporinases, carbapenemases, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, fosfomycin resistance genes, and tetracycline resistance genes. These genes confer resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics, highlighting the complex nature of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli.

The paper discusses the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp., focusing on the identification of resistance genes such as blaOXA-23, blaOXA-51, aac(6')-Ib, aac(3')-I, aph(3')-VI, ANT(2'')-I, ArmA, and efflux pumps like MexAB-OprM and MexXY-OprM. It also highlights mutations in gyrA and parC contributing to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study reports the draft genome sequence of a tigecycline-resistant Enterobacter cloacae ST93 clinical isolate, TREC1, which harbors multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including those encoding resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, fosfomycin, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, phenicols, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and tetracyclines. The isolate is resistant to all antibiotics tested except colistin.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, including bla KPC-2, bla KPC-3, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-48, ampC, qnrB, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, armA, rmtB, tet(A), tet(B), tet(D), tet(G), sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA1, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA25, dfrA26, dfrA30, oqxA, oqxB, and mgrB, as well as mutations in ompK35, ompK36, gyrA, parC, phoP, phoQ, pmrA, and pmrB, which contribute to resistance against multiple antibiotics.

The study identified the carbapenemase gene blaOXA-237 and intrinsic blaOXA-66 as responsible for carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. Aminoglycoside resistance was mediated by aadA1, aph(3')-Ia, armA, strA, and strB. Quinolone resistance was due to mutations in GyrA (Ser-83-Leu) and ParC (Ser-80-Leu).

The study identifies a multidrug-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae strain, KP587, which exhibits resistance to multiple antibiotics including ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, and gentamicin. The strain harbors the ESBL gene blaCTX-M-14, the AmpC beta-lactamase gene blaDHA, the 16S rRNA methylase gene armA, and the quinolone resistance gene qnrB.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes, including aac(6')-Ib, blaOXA-30, catB3, arr-3, qacE, sul1, intI1, armA, msrE, mphE, and blaCTX-M-3, in multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Indiana strains in China, highlighting the role of class I integrons in the dissemination of resistance.

The study identified various AMR genes in clade F strains of Acinetobacter baumannii, including blaOXA-23, aadB, aadA2, aphA6, aacC1, aadA1, and armA, which confer resistance to multiple antibiotics.

The study characterized various AMR genes in Acinetobacter spp. including blaPER-1, blaTEM-1D, blaADC-31, blaOXA-82, aac(3')-Ia, aac(6')-Il, aph(3')-Ic, strAB, and others. Mutations in gyrA and parC were associated with fluoroquinolone resistance. Overexpression of efflux pumps like adeB and adeJ contributed to multidrug resistance.

The study identified the presence of rmtB and armA genes in Gram-negative bacteria from companion animals in Japan, indicating the prevalence of 16S rRNA methylases, which confer high-level resistance to aminoglycosides.

The study developed and validated 85 PCR assays to detect 79 AMR genes and mutations associated with resistance across 10 antimicrobial classes, focusing on E. coli. The assays showed high concordance with sequencing and phenotypic susceptibility testing, demonstrating their potential for AMR surveillance in E. coli isolates and direct stool specimens.

The study demonstrates that chromosomal antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) can be transferred between Acinetobacter baumannii strains via prophages, highlighting the role of generalized transduction in the spread of resistance.

The study identified multiple carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CP-Kp) strains carrying various resistance genes, including blaKPC-2, blaNDM-1, and others, contributing to multidrug resistance. Plasmid analysis revealed the presence of resistance genes on different plasmids, highlighting the complexity of resistance mechanisms.

The study identifies blaNDM and blaOXA-181 as the primary carbapenemase genes in the globally disseminated ST410 lineage of carbapenem-resistant E. coli (CREC). Additionally, mcr-1 and mcr-3 were found to confer colistin resistance, while rmtB and armA were linked to amikacin resistance.

The study identified various antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in phage particles from meat products and chicken feces, highlighting the potential role of phages in the dissemination of resistance.

The study identified two extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clones carrying blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-72, which confer resistance to carbapenems. Additional resistance genes such as aac(3')-Ia, ant(3'')-Ia, aph(3')-VIa, strA, strB, armA, blaADC-73, blaADC-74, blaTEM-1D, mph(E), and msr(E) were also detected.

The study identifies a new lineage of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ST2502) associated with hyperendemicity in a long-term acute-care rehabilitation facility. Key AMR genes include armA, blaKPC-3, blaKPC-2, and aac6-Ib, with pmrA mutations contributing to colistin resistance.

The study identified several plasmid-mediated resistance genes in E. coli isolates from healthy and diarrheic sheep and goats, including rmtB, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, CTX-M2, CTX-M8/25, CTX-M9, CTX-M1, and armA. These genes conferred resistance to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and cephalosporins.

The paper discusses the various resistance mechanisms in Acinetobacter baumannii, highlighting the presence of genes such as blaOXA-23, blaOXA-51, ArmA, and adeB, which confer resistance to carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and other antibiotics. It also notes the importance of understanding these mechanisms for effective treatment strategies.

The study identified the high prevalence of 16S rRNA methylase genes, particularly armA and rmtB, in carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, contributing to aminoglycoside resistance.

The case report describes the successful use of cefiderocol in treating extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii osteomyelitis, highlighting the identification of several resistance genes including blaOXA-23, blaOXA-66, armA, and tetB through whole-genome sequencing.

The study characterizes the emergence and dominance of a minor NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae population during KPC-directed therapy, highlighting challenges in detecting and managing drug-resistant subpopulations.

The study identified ten different 16S rRNA methyltransferase genes (rmtA, rmtB, rmtC, rmtD, rmtE, rmtF, rmtG, rmtH, armA, npmA) along with CTX-M-15, NDM, and OXA-48 beta-lactamases in three sequence types of Escherichia coli from northeast India.

The study identifies the 16S rRNA methyltransferase gene armA as a key factor in antimicrobial resistance, demonstrating its efficient encapsidation in phage particles when carried on multicopy plasmids, highlighting the role of phages in the mobilization of antimicrobial resistance genes.

The study found a high prevalence of 16S rRNA methyltransferase genes (armA and rmtB) in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates associated with bloodstream infections in Chinese teaching hospitals, leading to high-level resistance to aminoglycosides.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in phage-susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii strains, including sulfonamide, tetracycline, beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, macrolide, and phenicol resistance genes. These findings highlight the complex resistance profiles of these strains and their potential implications for therapeutic strategies.

The paper discusses the global spread of 16S rRNA methyltransferases (ArmA, RmtB, RmtC, and NpmA) that confer high-level aminoglycoside resistance in various gram-negative bacteria. These genes are responsible for modifying the 16S rRNA, leading to resistance against multiple aminoglycosides.

Two Colombian clinical Providencia rettgeri isolates co-harboring NDM-1, VIM-2, and other β-lactamases were characterized. The isolates exhibited resistance to multiple antibiotics, including carbapenems, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides.

The study identified various AMR genes in ESBL-producing E. coli from wild birds and cattle in Nigeria, including bla CTX-M1/15, bla CTX-M9, strB, sul2, tetA, and others. These genes were associated with resistance to multiple antibiotics, highlighting the potential for inter-species transmission of AMR bacteria.

The study identified several aminoglycoside resistance genes, including aphA6, aadB, aadA1, aacA4, aacC2, and ArmA, which contribute to high levels of resistance against various aminoglycosides in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates.

The study reports the first case of an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate of serotype K1 and ST23 co-producing CTX-M-15, OXA-48, and ArmA in Spain.

The study identified various carbapenemase genes (blaNDM-1, blaNDM-5, blaVIM-1, blaVIM-6, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-58, blaOXA-66, blaOXA-69, blaOXA-91, blaOXA-181, blaOXA-50) and other resistance genes (such as armA, rmtC, rmtF, aac(3)-I, aadA1, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-VI, aph(3')-Via, aph(6')-Id, mphE, msrE, mphA, ereA, dfrA1, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA17, dfrA20, sul1, sul2, tetB, tetD, tetG, tet39, qnrVC1, qnrS1, qnrB4, floR, catA1, catA2, catB3, catB7, cmlA1, cmlA5, arr-3, arr-2, sat2, acrF, mdtM, emrD, mexA, mexE, mexX, kdeA, oxa-10, oxa-395, oxa-396, oxa-846, adc-25, dha-1, act-16, cmY, ctx-m-15, shv-67, tem-1b) in carbapenem non-susceptible clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria in Kenya, highlighting the diversity and prevalence of multidrug resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes including bla TEM-1, bla CTX-M-15, tetA, qnrS1, strA-strB, and armA in E. coli isolates from the Yamuna River, highlighting the significant public health risk posed by these resistant strains.

The study identified various ESBL and qAmpC genes in E. coli isolates from cats, highlighting the presence of bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-55, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-9, bla TEM, bla SHV-28, and bla CMY-2, along with other resistance genes such as tet(A), tet(B), sul1, sul2, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and armA.

The study identified armA and multiple aminoglycoside resistance genes (AMEs) on a conjugative IncHI5 plasmid in a high-level aminoglycoside-resistant Klebsiella variicola isolate. The plasmid p2757-346 carried two copies of armA along with six AME genes, highlighting the potential for dissemination of these resistance determinants.

The study developed a targeted LC-MS/MS assay for the rapid and accurate detection of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and 16S rRNA methyltransferases in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity for detecting resistance mechanisms to gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes in a pandrug-resistant K. pneumoniae isolate, including beta-lactamases (bla OXA-1, bla SHV-28, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-48, bla CTX-M-14b), aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (aac(6′)-Ib-cr, armA), and mutations in gyrA and parC that confer resistance to fluoroquinolones, as well as a disruption in mgrB leading to colistin resistance.

The study identified several aminoglycoside resistance genes, including aph(3')-VI, aac(6')-Ib, aac(3)-II, aph(3')-Ia, and armA, in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Qazvin, Iran. These genes were associated with high levels of resistance to aminoglycosides such as gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin.

The study identifies several AMR genes including bla OXA-23, bla OXA-24, bla OXA-51, and various aminoglycoside, sulfonamide, tetracycline, and macrolide resistance genes in XDR A. baumannii isolates from Romania.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in Acinetobacter baumannii, including clmA, pbp1, pbp3, blaPER-7, aac(6a)-Ib, ant(2n)-Ia, armA, aphA6, sul1, and arr2, which were upregulated or downregulated in response to human serum albumin (HSA) and human serum (HS).

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including bla NDM-5, bla OXA-10, and bla TEM-1B, in NDM-5-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates from an urban river in China. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as carbapenems, cephalosporins, quinolones, and aminoglycosides.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from a pediatric cancer hospital in Egypt, highlighting the presence of bla NDM, bla OXA-23-like, bla OXA-51-like, and other resistance genes, along with mutations in pmrA and lptF contributing to colistin resistance.

The study identified a novel allelic variant of aac(6')-Ib called aac(6')-SL and three novel mutations in the sul1 gene among Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates in Saudi Arabia.

The study identified several carbapenem resistance genes, including blaKPC-2, blaNDM-1, blaNDM-4, blaNDM-5, and blaOXA-181, as well as 16S rRNA methylase genes rmtB, rmtC, and armA, and the colistin resistance gene mcr-8 in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from a Vietnamese NICU.

The study identifies various AMR genes and mutations associated with colistin resistance in clinical Acinetobacter baumannii strains, highlighting the genomic diversity and mosaicism in resistance mechanisms.

The study identified bla OXA-23 as the primary cause of carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Afghanistan, along with various other resistance genes for sulfonamides, macrolides, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides.

The study identifies high rates of aminoglycoside methyltransferases (rmtB, armA, rmtF) and metallo-beta-lactamases (bla NDM, bla VIM) in multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Egypt.

The study identified various AMR genes in two multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains, ACC001 and ACC002, including aminoglycoside resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, beta-lactamases, and sulfonamide resistance genes. These genes contribute to resistance against multiple antibiotics such as gentamicin, tobramycin, tetracycline, penicillins, cephalosporins, and sulfonamides.

The study identified several AMR genes, including novel bla ADC-257, and mutations in gyrA and parC associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in extensively drug-resistant NDM-producing Acinetobacter baumannii isolates.

The study identified several AMR genes, including novel bla ADC-257, and mutations in gyrA and parC associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in extensively drug-resistant NDM-producing Acinetobacter baumannii isolates.

The study identified the presence of bla NDM-1 and armA genes in multiple carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales, including an unusual Citrobacter sedlakii strain. These genes were found on IncC plasmids and contributed to resistance against carbapenems and aminoglycosides.

Three IPM-heteroresistant strains of MDR ESBL/AmpC-producing K. pneumoniae were identified, which exhibited reduced expression of ompK36 and failed IPM therapy in a mouse model of peritonitis.

The study identifies various AMR genes and mutations in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, and efflux pumps, contributing to multidrug resistance.

The study identified a variety of resistance genes in carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including bla KPC, bla NDM, bla VIM, and others, highlighting the complex genetic diversity of these pathogens.

The study identified various aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs) and efflux pump genes contributing to tobramycin resistance in E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and A. baumannii. These genes include acc(3)-IIa, aac(6')-Ib-cr, ant(2")-Ia, aph(6)-Id, aph(3")-Ib, armA, rmtF, acrD, adeA, adeB, adeC, ompA, omp37, csgB, csgD, csgF, csgG, pgaA, pgaB, pgaC, pgaD, csuA, csuB, csuC, csuD, csuE, and bap.

The study identified novel and uncommon carbapenemase/β-lactamase gene variants, including bla VIM-71, bla CARB-53, and bla DIM-1, which were associated with multidrug-resistant bacteria in wastewater samples from Ghana. The genes bla NDM-1, armA, and rmtC were also found to confer resistance to carbapenems and aminoglycosides.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in S. algae strains, including genes conferring resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, phenicols, macrolides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and lincosamides.

The study characterizes a conjugative multidrug resistance IncP-2 megaplasmid, pPAG5, from a clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate, identifying multiple AMR genes and resistance regions.

The study identified several AMR genes including blaOXA-232, blaNDM-1, blaNDM-5, blaCTX-M-15, blaSHV-1, blaTEM-1B, aac(6')-Ib, aadA2, aph(3')-Ic, aacA4, rmtf, fosA6, fosA5, and uhpT in XDR and PDR Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as carbapenems, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides. The study also highlighted the effectiveness of fosfomycin in combination with meropenem and amikacin against these resistant strains.

The study identified blaOXA-23 as the most prevalent carbapenem resistance mechanism in Acinetobacter baumannii in the Philippines, along with blaNDM-6, blaNDM-1, blaOXA-72, and the armA gene conferring aminoglycoside resistance.

The paper discusses the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics, including enzymatic modification, decreased drug accumulation, and modification of drug targets. It highlights the importance of understanding these mechanisms to develop strategies to overcome resistance.

The study identifies multiple carbapenemase genes, including blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-207, as well as various resistance islands harboring genes such as aacA4, catB8, and armA, contributing to the multidrug resistance of CR Ab isolates in U.S. hospitals.

The study identifies the co-occurrence of armA, rmtB, and blaKPC-2 genes in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, highlighting their role in resistance to aminoglycosides and carbapenems.

The study identified a high prevalence of 16S rRNA methylases (ArmA, RmtF, RmtB, RmtC, RmtG) and carbapenemases (NDM-1, NDM-5, KPC-2, KPC-3, OXA-48, OXA-181, OXA-232, VIM-1, VIM-2) in carbapenem- and aminoglycoside-resistant Enterobacterales isolates from Switzerland, highlighting the increasing trends of their association.

The study identified various antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in phage DNA fractions of chicken liver samples, including blaTEM, blaCTX-M-1, sul1, qnrA, armA, and tetW, indicating the potential of chicken liver as a reservoir for phage-mediated antibiotic resistance.

The study characterizes hybrid plasmids in MDR-HvKp ST2096 isolates from India, identifying multiple AMR genes such as bla NDM-5, bla OXA-232, aadA2, armA, and others, along with virulence genes like rmpA2 and iucABCD.

The study identified 12 types of antibiotic resistance genes in 110 Salmonella isolates from duck farms in Shandong Province, China, including beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, tetracycline, macrolide, and quinolone resistance genes. The most prevalent resistance genes were blaTEM, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and tetA. The study also found that class I integrons and plasmids play a significant role in the dissemination of these resistance genes.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) strains, highlighting the prevalence of bla OXA-23 and bla OXA-66 as key determinants of carbapenem resistance, along with other resistance mechanisms such as mutations in efflux pump genes and modifications in lipopolysaccharide synthesis.

The study identifies several carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates producing NDM-type metallo-beta-lactamases, along with 16S rRNA methylases (armA and rmtB) and aac(6′)-Ib-cr, contributing to multidrug resistance.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations associated with resistance to various antibiotics in wastewater environments, highlighting the role of these genes in the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

This study identified various AMR genes including blaOXA-23, blaNDM-1, aph(3')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, armA, mph, msr, cmlA1, ARR-2, sul1, sul2, tet(B), and blaPER-7 in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from India. These genes were found to be associated with resistance islands and mobile genetic elements, contributing to the spread of multidrug resistance.

The study developed and validated a targeted LC-MS/MS assay for the rapid detection of β-lactam, aminoglycoside, and fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms in blood cultures growing E. coli or K. pneumoniae. The assay successfully detected various resistance genes including β-lactamases (SHV, TEM, CTX-M-1-like, OXA-1, CMY-2-like, cAmpC, KPC, OXA-48, NDM, VIM), aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AAC(3)-Ia, AAC(3)-II, AAC(3)-IV, AAC(3)-VI, AAC(6′)-Ib, ANT(2′′)-I, APH(3′)-VI), 16S-RMTases (ArmA, RmtB, RmtC, RmtF), and quinolone resistance mechanisms (QnrA, QnrB, AAC(6′)-Ib-cr, and wildtype QRDR of GyrA).

The study identified colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates with resistance genes including bla OXA-23, bla NDM-1, lps B, and various efflux pumps. These isolates exhibited extensive drug resistance (XDR) and were associated with sequence types ST1 and ST2.

The study identified multiple carbapenemase genes, including blaKPC-2, blaOXA-48-like, and blaNDM, along with 16S rRNA methyltransferases (armA, rmtF, rmtB) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase blaCTX-M-15, contributing to carbapenem and aminoglycoside resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Singapore.

The study identified multiple carbapenem resistance genes, including blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-72, along with other resistance mechanisms such as 16S rRNA methylase armA and aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. The AdeABC efflux pump was also found to contribute to carbapenem resistance.

The study identifies the emergence of an extensively drug-resistant Citrobacter portucalensis strain, K218, which carries multiple resistance genes including bla KPC-2 and bla NDM-1, contributing to its multidrug-resistant phenotype.

The study identified multiple beta-lactamase genes, including bla OXA-23, bla OXA-66, bla NDM-1, and others, as well as aminoglycoside resistance genes such as aac(3)-Ia, aadA1, and dfrA1, which contribute to the extensive drug resistance in Acinetobacter strains from Bangladesh.

The study identifies various conjugative features and associated cargo genes, highlighting the significant role of conjugation in the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) across bacterial genera. Key AMR genes such as Tn916, CTn341, SXT, ICEEc2, ICEclc, Tn1549, and Tn4555 were found to be prevalent in conjugative genomes, demonstrating their involvement in the dissemination of resistance traits.

The study identified the aac(6')-Ib, armA, rmtB, and rmtC genes as responsible for amikacin resistance in 53 amikacin-resistant MDR Enterobacteriales isolates. The zidovudine-amikacin combination showed significant synergistic effects against these isolates in vitro and in vivo.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterobacterales and A. baumannii clinical strains from a single patient, highlighting the presence of blaNDM-1, qnrS1, aadA1, strA-strB, sul2, tet(J), catA1, blaACT-15, blaTEM-1B, dfrA14, oqxB, fosA, blaLEN-22, blaOXA-23, blaADC-25, blaOXA-66, armA, mph(E), msr(E), and tetB, indicating multidrug resistance and potential for horizontal gene transfer.

The study identified blaOXA-23 and blaNDM-1 as the most common carbapenem resistance genes in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Nigerian hospitals, along with several other AMR genes and mutations contributing to multidrug resistance.

The study identified blaIMP-45 as a major determinant of meropenem resistance in P. aeruginosa, and mutations in oprD, mexR, nalD, and armR were associated with meropenem resistance.

The study characterizes various AMR genes and mutations in K. pneumoniae clonal groups 14 and 15, highlighting the prevalence of bla CTX-M-15, bla OXA-232, bla NDM-1, and other beta-lactamases, along with quinolone resistance mechanisms.

The study identified several aminoglycoside resistance genes, including ant(2'')-Ia, aac(3')-IIa, armA, aac(6')-Ib, and aph(3')-Ia, in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. These genes were associated with resistance to tobramycin and amikacin. Additionally, biofilm formation was significantly linked to antibiotic resistance.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes and hypervirulence determinants in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, highlighting the role of fusion plasmids in the transmission of these traits.

The study identified 34 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in multidrug-resistant (MDR) plasmids from carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates in Pakistan, including bla NDM-1, bla OXA-48, and various beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside resistance genes, and others.

The study identified multiple bla VIM and bla IMP genes, along with various other AMR genes, in VIM/IMP carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter spp. in Poland. These genes were associated with different integrons and plasmid types, contributing to the spread of multidrug-resistant strains.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Egypt, including blaOXA-23, ISAb1-amplified_blaADC, blaNDM-1, blaGES-11, armA, aac(6')-Ib9, aph(3')-VI, and sul1, along with mutations in adeS, baeS, and carO contributing to tigecycline and carbapenem resistance.

The study identified multiple carbapenemase genes, including bla NDM-1, bla NDM-5, bla OXA-232, and bla OXA-181, along with other AMR genes such as bla CTX-M-15, armA, tet(A), and tet(D), in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Southern California.

The study identified various AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Alexandria, Egypt, including bla OXA-51-like variants, bla OXA-23, bla NDM-1, bla PER-7, bla GES-like, and others, highlighting the widespread resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and other antibiotics.

The study identified several AMR genes within AbGRIs in GC2 A. baumannii isolates from COVID-19 patients, including strA, strB, tetA(B), tetR(B), sul2, oxa23, aacC1, aadA1, blaTEM, armA, aacA4, aphA1b, and sul1, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, carbapenems, and beta-lactams.

The study identified bla(NDM-1), bla(OXA-48), qnrS1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, armA, bla(CTX-M-15), sul1, dfrA, aadA5, and qnrB1 as key resistance genes in CC147 subpopulations of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Additionally, a mutation in ompK36 was found to contribute to decreased susceptibility to antibiotics.

The study identified various AMR genes in 37 A. baumannii strains causing nosocomial meningitis, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, tetracycline resistance genes, macrolide resistance genes, phenicol resistance genes, sulfonamide resistance genes, rifamycin resistance genes, and antiseptic resistance genes.

The study identifies mcr-1.1 as a plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene and characterizes several chromosomal mutations in mgrB, arnT, pmrA, pmrB, pmrC, phoQ, and arnB that contribute to colistin resistance in K. pneumoniae isolates from Egypt.

The study identified various carbapenemase genes, including bla OXA-48, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-181, bla VIM-1, and bla VIM-2, along with aminoglycoside resistance genes such as armA, rmtB1, and rmtC, and polymyxin resistance genes mcr9.1 and mcr9.2 in carbapenemase-producing Citrobacter spp. in France.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes, including blaOXA-232, blaCTX-M-15, dfrA14, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and others, in K. pneumoniae isolates, highlighting the role of integrons and plasmids in the dissemination of resistance.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes in blaNDM-1-positive Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, sulfonamide resistance genes, macrolide resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, trimethoprim resistance genes, and quaternary ammonium resistance genes.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in Salmonella Isangi isolates, including ESBL genes like bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-22, bla CTX-M-3, and others, as well as plasmid-mediated AmpC genes like bla DHA-1 and bla NDM-1. Resistance to multiple antibiotics was observed, highlighting the need for continued monitoring of AMR in this serovar.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes, including bla OXA-23, bla NDM-1, armA, sul2, strA, strB, tet(B), aac(6')-Ian, and aac(3)-IIa, in multidrug-resistant ST25 Acinetobacter baumannii clades, highlighting their role in resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identified several aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in K. pneumoniae isolates from northern Jordan, including aac(6')-Ib, aac(3')-II, ant(3")-I, aph(3')-VI, armA, rmtB, qnrS, qnrB, oqxAB, and aac(6')-Ib-cr. These genes were significantly associated with non-susceptibility to aminoglycosides, quinolones, and beta-lactams.

The study characterizes various AMR genes in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, including blaOXA-23, blaPER-7, blaGES-11, blaGES-35, aph(3')-VI, aac(6')-Ib, sul1, sul2, mph(E), msr(E), armA, strA, strB, cmlA5, arr-2, ant(3'')-II, aadA1-pm, tet(B), tet(39), qacEΔ1, and dfrA7.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations in ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from a rural environmental water body in India, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains with genes such as bla VEB-6, bla SHV-12, bla NDM-1, bla CTX-M, and mcr-9, along with mutations in ompK 36 and gyrA.

The study identifies 54 AMR genes and three AMR gene cassettes in the plasmid-free, highly drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Indiana isolate S1467, contributing to resistance against multiple antimicrobial classes.

The study characterizes various AMR genes and mutations in ESKAPE pathogens in China, highlighting the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) and the emergence of resistance mechanisms such as blaKPC-2, blaNDM-1, blaNDM-5, rmtB, armA, fosA3, optrA, and poxtA.

The study identified several carbapenemase and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes, including bla NDM-1, bla NDM-4, bla NDM-5, bla NDM-7, bla OXA-181, bla OXA-232, bla KPC-3, bla CTX-M-15, bla SFO-1, bla ACT, and bla CMH-3, in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates from Kolkata, India. Novel integrons (In180, In4874, In4887, and In4888) were also discovered.

The study identifies blaKPC-2 as a key gene in carbapenem resistance among CRKP isolates, along with other resistance genes such as rmtB, APH(3')-Ia, and QnrB4. It also highlights the prevalence of ST11-KL47-OL101 clones and the role of plasmid pKpnR03_2 in the spread of resistance.

The study identified high prevalence of carbapenem resistance in Gram-negative pathogens in Egypt, with bla NDM and bla OXA-48-like being the most prevalent carbapenemase genes. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes qnrS and qnrB were also detected. Additionally, several aminoglycoside resistance genes and integron-associated gene cassettes were characterized.

The study reports an outbreak of NDM-5-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST307 in Shanghai, China, highlighting the presence of multiple resistance genes including bla NDM-5, bla CTX-M-15, and bla DHA-1, which confer resistance to carbapenems, cephalosporins, and other antibiotics.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in Gram-negative bacteria causing neonatal sepsis in LMICs, including ESBLs, carbapenemases, and aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, highlighting the high prevalence of multidrug resistance and the need for effective antibiotic combinations.

The study identified OXA-48 carbapenemase in 82.9% of K. pneumoniae isolates and NDM in 7.3%. bla CTX-M-15, bla SHV, and bla OXA-1 were also detected. Additionally, aac(6")-Ib, dfrA14, oqxA, and oqxB were found to confer resistance to aminoglycosides, trimethoprim, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identifies three novel bla OXA variants (bla OXA-1202, bla OXA-1203, and bla OXA-1204) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which confer resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, including amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftazidime, and cefoxitin.

The study identified multiple clusters of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) NDM-producing Providencia stuartii strains in Europe, primarily linked to patients from Ukraine. Key resistance genes included bla NDM-1, bla NDM-5, bla OXA-10, bla CMY-16, rmtC, and armA, which conferred resistance to various antibiotics, particularly carbapenems and aminoglycosides.

The study identified several carbapenem-resistant genes, including bla OXA-23, bla OXA-66, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-50, bla OXA-395, bla NDM-7, and bla NDM-5, in various bacterial species in Fiji.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in a carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli ST410 isolate, including blaTEM-1B, blaCTX-M-15, blaNDM-5, armA, aac(3)-IId, and gyrA mutations (p.S83L and p.D87N), which confer resistance to beta-lactams, cephalosporins, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identified blaOXA23 as the primary carbapenem resistance gene in Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) isolates, along with blaADC, blaOXA51, and various aminoglycoside resistance genes such as aad and armA. Fluoroquinolone resistance was linked to mutations in gyrA and parC. Efflux pumps abe and ade were widespread in AB isolates.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in bacterial isolates from Cambodia, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes (blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-55), carbapenemase genes (blaOXA-23, blaNDM-1, blaOXA-58, blaOXA-66), and colistin resistance genes (mcr-1, mcr-3, mcr-7, mcr-9). Additionally, mutations in gyrA (S83F) and parC (S84L) were found to confer fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella enterica serovars Paratyphi A and Typhi.

The study evaluated the QIAstat-Dx BCID panel for detecting antibiotic resistance genes in Gram-negative bacteria from blood cultures. It found that the panel effectively identified several resistance genes, including bla CTX-M, bla KPC, bla NDM, and others, which are crucial for predicting antimicrobial susceptibility. The panel showed high sensitivity and specificity for identifying resistance genes and predicting susceptibility, especially for beta-lactam antibiotics.

The study identified multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains from a neonatal ICU in Egypt, highlighting the presence of various beta-lactamase genes, aminoglycoside resistance genes, macrolide resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, and sulfonamide resistance genes.

The study identified several carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CR Ab) isolates from high-touch surfaces in Fijian hospitals, revealing the presence of resistance genes such as bla OXA-23, bla NDM-1, and others, along with mutations in genes like parC and gyrA, contributing to resistance against multiple antibiotics.

The study identified multiple carbapenemase genes (bla_NDM, bla_IMP, bla_VIM, bla_SIM, bla_GES) and the 16S rRNA methylase gene armA in carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Kerman, Iran. These genes contribute to resistance against carbapenems and aminoglycosides, highlighting the complex resistance mechanisms in these isolates.

The study identifies the emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST6260 harboring multiple AMR genes, including rmtF, rmtB, bla(NDM-5), bla(OXA-232), and bla(SFO-1), highlighting the complexity of resistance mechanisms in Enterobacterales.