The study identified the cmlA, flo, and cat-2 genes as mediators of chloramphenicol resistance in beta-hemolytic Escherichia coli isolates from neonatal swine. cmlA and flo encode efflux pumps, while cat-2 encodes a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in Salmonella isolates causing traveler's diarrhea, including blaTEM, blaOXA-1, tetA, tetB, tetG, dfrA1, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA17, floR, cmlA, and a mutation in the gyrA gene. These genes and mutations contribute to resistance against ampicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, and quinolones.

The study identifies several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Muenchen isolates from pigs and humans, including blaOXA-30, aadA2, aphA1-Iab, tetA(B), blaTEM, strA, cmlA, and tetA(A). These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes on plasmids pSC138 and pSCV50 in Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis SC-B67, including blaTEM-1, blaCMY-2, tetRA, strA, aadA2, sulI, sulII, catI, cmlA, aph, sat, mef, mer, ebr, qac, and blaTEM-67. Additionally, mutations in the chromosomal genes gyrA and parC, along with the inactivation of acrR, contribute to ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study characterizes the cmlA gene, which confers nonenzymatic chloramphenicol resistance through a transmembrane transport protein mechanism.

The study identified various acquired antibiotic resistance genes in commensal E. coli isolates from a remote community with minimal antibiotic exposure, including blaTEM, catI, cmlA6, tet(A), tet(B), dfrA1, dfrA7, dfrA8, dfrA17, sul1, sul2, aphA1, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aadB, and sat-1. These genes were found to be similar to those seen in antibiotic-exposed settings, indicating the dissemination of resistant bacteria and resistance genes from such environments.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in the multidrug-resistant E. coli isolate SMS-3-5, including beta-lactamase blaT, aminoglycoside resistance genes aadA and aph, sulfonamide resistance gene sul2, trimethoprim resistance gene dhfrV, chloramphenicol resistance gene cmlA, tetracycline resistance gene tetRA, and quinolone resistance mutations in gyrA and parC.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in Shigella and Salmonella isolates, including bla-oxa-1-like, bla-tem-like, dfrA1, dfrA14-like, tetB, tetA, floR, cmlA, and cat, which confer resistance to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol.

The study characterizes several efflux pumps in Acinetobacter spp., including AdeABC, AdeIJK, AdeFGH, CraA, AmvA, AbeM, AbeS, AdeXYZ, AdeDE, TetA, TetB, CmlA, FloR, and QacE, which contribute to multidrug resistance by expelling antibiotics and other compounds.

The study identified various AMR genes in Salmonella enterica isolates from poultry meat in Tunisia, including blaTEM, aadA1, aadA2, dfrA1, sul1, sul2, sul3, strA-strB, cmlA, and tet(A). These genes contribute to resistance against multiple antibiotics such as ampicillin, sulfonamides, streptomycin, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in E. coli isolates from retail meats, including bla CMY, cmlA, flo, catI, and mutations in gyrA and parC associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified various antibiotic resistance genes in Salmonella plasmids, including beta-lactamases (bla CTX, bla CMY, bla TEM), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aadA1, aadA2, strA, strB), tetracycline resistance gene (tetA), chloramphenicol resistance gene (cmlA), sulfonamide resistance gene (sul2), and genes conferring resistance to heavy metals and disinfectants (sugE, arsR, cusR, silE, qacH).

The study presents a microarray-based serogenotyping assay for Salmonella, demonstrating high correlation between genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. Several AMR genes were identified and validated, showing strong association with AMR phenotypes.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in plasmids from multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Heidelberg isolates, including bla CMY, aadA, aadB, aphA, strA, strB, sul1, sul2, tetA, floR, cmlA, dfrA1, dfrA12, and aacC.

The study developed a DNA microarray for genotyping antibiotic resistance determinants in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates, identifying numerous resistance genes and mutations associated with carbapenem, aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolone, and other antibiotic resistances.

The study identifies multiple antibiotic resistance genes in Pseudomonas putida HB3267, including aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, beta-lactamases, and sulfonamide resistance genes, contributing to its multidrug resistance profile.

The study identified a diverse array of antibiotic resistance genes in a polluted lake in India, including sul2, qnrD, aph(6)-Id, aph(3′)-Ib, CMY2, qnrS, ant(3′)-Ia, dfrB1/dfrB5/dfrB6/dfrB8, GES, ere(A)/ere(C), qnrC, mph(E), dfrA1/dfrA15/dfrA25/dfrA30, erm(F), ant(2′)-Ia, cmlA, and tet(39). These genes conferred resistance to various classes of antibiotics, highlighting the significant presence of resistance mechanisms in the polluted environment.

The study identified bla TEM-1, tet(B), tet(A), cmlA, floR, and aacC2 as key antimicrobial resistance genes in E. coli isolates from canine urinary tract infections, along with mutations in gyrA and parC conferring fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified various resistance gene cassettes within class 1 and 2 integrons in Staphylococcus aureus isolates, including aadB, aadA2, dhfrA1, dhfrA11, aacA4, blaoxa2, sat2, catB3, and cmlA6, which confer resistance to aminoglycosides, trimethoprim, beta-lactams, and chloramphenicol.

The study identified blaOXA-23 and blaAmpC genes contributing to carbapenem and extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance, and mutations in pmrA, pmrB, lpxD, lpxC, and lpsB genes linked to polymyxin resistance in A. baumannii AC30.

The study characterizes the multidrug-resistant plasmid pEC302/04 from an extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli strain, identifying several AMR genes including blaTEM-1, aadA1, aadB, cmlA, and sul1, which confer resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identified 46 AMR genes or gene families in 90 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Kenya, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance and the diversity of resistance mechanisms.

The study identified 17 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in 103 class 1 integron-positive Escherichia coli strains from porcine feces, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug-resistant commensal E. coli in pigs and their potential role in the dissemination of resistance genes.

The study identifies phages capable of transferring antimicrobial resistance genes, specifically addA1 for streptomycin and cmlA for chloramphenicol, in E. coli ATCC 13706.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations contributing to multidrug resistance in Vibrio fluvialis BD146, including blaOXA10, arr3, aadA1, cmlA, dfrVI, qnrVC5, and BDint, as well as mutations in gyrA and parC.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from Ugandan poultry farms, including blaTEM-1, cmlA, qnrS, tetA, sul1, dhfrI, and dhfrVII, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, sulfonamide, and trimethoprim.

The IncHI2 plasmid pSTM6-275 from Salmonella enterica carries multiple antibiotic and heavy-metal resistance genes, including blaTEM, strA, strB, sul3, aadA1, aadA2, cmlA, aphA2, tetA, mejB, silESRCFBAGP, and pcoGE1ABCDRSE2, which confer resistance to various antibiotics and metals. The plasmid exhibits temperature-dependent resistance to silver and copper, highlighting its adaptability under changing physiological conditions.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in Riemerella anatipestifer, including aac(6')-Ib, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aac(3')-IIc, aac(3')-IV, aph(3')-VII, aph(2')-Ib, bla TEM, bla OXA, tet(A), tet(B), sul1, sul2, sul3, cat2, cmlA, floR, emrF, qnrS, and qnrD. Additionally, mutations in gyrA and parC were found to confer fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies various tetracycline, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and aminoglycoside resistance genes in Lactobacillus species, highlighting their potential role in antimicrobial resistance and horizontal gene transfer.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in the nasal microbiome of infants with cystic fibrosis, including beta-lactamases, chloramphenicol efflux pumps, tetracycline resistance proteins, and enzymes involved in folic acid synthesis inhibition.

The study developed and validated 85 PCR assays to detect 79 AMR genes and mutations associated with resistance across 10 antimicrobial classes, focusing on E. coli. The assays showed high concordance with sequencing and phenotypic susceptibility testing, demonstrating their potential for AMR surveillance in E. coli isolates and direct stool specimens.

The study identified multiple multidrug-resistant commensal E. coli isolates in feedlot lambs in Brazil, carrying various AMR genes including bla CTX-M-2, bla CTX-M-8, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-15, bla CMY-2, aac(3)-IIa, ant(2")-Ia, qnrB, tetA, tetB, sul1, sul2, floR, and cmlA. These genes confer resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and phenicols.

The study identified several AMR genes in APEC isolates, including beta-lactamases (bla TEM-1, bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15), aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (aac(3)-II), plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (qnrA, qnrS), tetracycline resistance genes (tetA), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul2), and chloramphenicol resistance genes (catA1, cmlA).

The study identifies several AMR genes in E. coli isolates, including tet(A), tet(B), blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, sul1, sul2, sul3, cmlA, aac(3)-II, aac(3)-IV, aadA, and strA-strB, which confer resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, cefoxitin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and streptomycin.

The study identified the co-occurrence of mcr-1, mcr-3, mcr-7.1, and various clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes in environmental and fecal samples from a Brazilian zoo, highlighting the potential reservoir of these genes in zoological environments.

The study identified various AMR genes in cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates from cattle and sheep in the Basque Country, including bla CTX-M-14, bla CMY-2, and others, highlighting the prevalence of ESBL and AmpC-producing strains.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in porcine faecal commensal E. coli, including blaTEM-1, strA, strB, tetA, dfrA12, aadA1, aadA2, cmlA, aph(3')-Ia, sul2, and sul3, which confer resistance to beta-lactams, streptomycin, tetracyclines, trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, neomycin, kanamycin, and sulfonamides.

The study identified several AMR genes associated with different antimicrobial classes in swine fecal samples from farms with varying antimicrobial usage levels. These genes included beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, fluoroquinolone resistance genes, macrolide resistance markers, polymyxin resistance genes, phenicol resistance genes, and trimethoprim resistance genes.

The study identifies various antibiotic resistance genes in commensal E. coli isolates, highlighting the prevalence of resistance genes on F plasmids and the role of mobile genetic elements in their dissemination.

The study characterizes the pyomelanin biosynthetic pathway in XDR Acinetobacter baumannii strains, identifying several AMR genes including aac(6')-Ian, aac(3')-IIe, strA, strB, cmlA, sul1, bla TEM-1b, bla ADC-5, bla OXA-65, and bla OXA-23, which contribute to extensive drug resistance.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from chicken meat, including tetA, sul1, aadA1, ereA, aac-3-IV, cmlA, catA1, SHV, and CITM, highlighting the prevalence of resistance to various antibiotics such as tetracycline, sulfonamide, streptomycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and beta-lactams.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella isolates from goose farms in Northeast China, including blaTEM-1, cmlA, aac(6')-Ib-cr, sul1, sul2, sul3, mcr-1.1, tetB, qnrB, and floR, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline, florfenicol, and colistin.

Wild boars in Germany carry ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli, with bla CTX-M-1, bla SHV-12, and bla CMY-2 being the most common beta-lactamase genes. Additional resistance genes include sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA14, dfrA17, tet(A), cmlA, floR, and qnrS.

The study identifies various ESBL and AmpC beta-lactamase genes, including bla SHV-12, bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-2, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-52, and bla CMY-2, along with the mcr-1 gene conferring colistin resistance in E. coli isolates from food animals in Europe.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in APEC isolates from chickens and ducks in South Korea, including mcr-1, blaTEM, blaCTX-M group I, blaCTX-M group IV, mphA, cat, floR, cmlA, strA-B, aadA, sul1, sul2, tetA, and tetB. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as colistin, ampicillin, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline. The study also highlighted the zoonotic potential of certain APEC isolates, particularly those belonging to phylogenetic group B2.

The study identified various AMR genes in commensal E. coli strains from wildlife, including bla TEM-1, bla CTX-M-1, tet(A), tet(B), and several resistance gene cassettes in integrons. These genes were found to confer resistance to multiple antibiotics, highlighting the presence of AMR in wildlife E. coli populations.

The study identifies a novel plasmid-encoded VIM-2-producing Pseudomonas stutzeri strain, ZDHY95, with a complex genetic arrangement including a novel class I integron In1998 and various resistance genes such as blaVIM-2, aacA3, aadA13, cmlA8, blaOXA-246, arr3, dfrA27, qacEΔ1, sul1, aacA4'-30, aacA4', qnrVC1, catB11, blaCARB-4.

The study identifies various AMR genes and mutations in P. aeruginosa isolates from dogs and cats in Japan, highlighting the presence of high-risk clones like ST235 and the role of genetic factors in carbapenem and fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from a pediatric cancer hospital in Egypt, highlighting the presence of bla NDM, bla OXA-23-like, bla OXA-51-like, and other resistance genes, along with mutations in pmrA and lptF contributing to colistin resistance.

The study identifies various AMR genes and mutations in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, and efflux pumps, contributing to multidrug resistance.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in Escherichia coli isolates from aquaculture farms in Zhanjiang, China, including blaTEM, blaCIT, floR, OptrA, cmlA, aphA1, Sul2, oqxA, qnrS, and mcr1. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, quinolones, and colistin.

The study identified ESBL-producing E. coli in wild boar and wild ruminants with a low prevalence. The most prevalent ESBL type was CTX-M-1. The study also found resistance genes for aminoglycosides, phenicol, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in P. aeruginosa isolates from Kenya, including carbapenemases (blaNDM-1, blaVIM-6), fluoroquinolone resistance genes (qnrVC1, crpP), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(3)-IId, aph(3')-Ib, ant(3'')-Ia), tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetG), phenicol resistance genes (floR, cmlA), sulfonamide resistance gene (sul), trimethoprim resistance gene (dfrB), glycopeptide resistance gene (ble), and macrolide resistance gene (EreA). Additionally, mutations in gyrA and parC were associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies SHV-12-producing Escherichia coli isolates in a broiler farm environment, highlighting the presence of various antimicrobial resistance genes such as bla SHV-12, cmlA, tet (A), aac(6′)-Ib-cr, and others. These genes confer resistance to multiple antibiotics, emphasizing the need for monitoring and controlling AMR in agricultural settings.

The study identified several AMR genes in K. pneumoniae isolates from Kenya, including blaCTX-M-15, blaTEM-181, blaOXA-181, blaNDM-1, mcr-8, armA, rmtF, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aph(3")-ib, aph(6)-id, dfrA, sul2, qnrB, tetA, and catII, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, and chloramphenicol.

The study identified the efflux pump genes floR, cmlA, and tetC as responsible for chloramphenicol resistance in microbial communities under the co-existence of chloramphenicol and salinity.

The study identified blaTEM, cmlA, and tetB as the primary antimicrobial resistance genes in Y. enterocolitica isolates from meat products in South Africa, with high prevalence of resistance to ampicillin, cephalothin, and tetracycline.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in 47 Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from India, including blaOXA-23, blaADC-73, aac(3)-I, aadA, aph(3')-Ib, sul1, sul2, and lpsB. These genes contribute to resistance against carbapenems, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, and polymyxins.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in E. coli isolates from frozen chicken meat, including tet(A), tet(B), aadA1, aac(3)-IV, ereA, blaCITM, blaSHV, sulI, catA1, and cmlA, which confer resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, gentamicin, erythromycin, ampicillin, sulfonamide, and chloramphenicol.

The study identified several AMR genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from equine and other veterinary samples, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, quinolone resistance genes, sulfonamide resistance genes, phenicol resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, and efflux pumps. Additionally, genes conferring resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds were detected.

Two multidrug-resistant toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolates were analyzed, revealing two novel resistance genomic islands carrying 12 resistance genes, including ermX, cmx, aph(3')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aadA1, dfrA15, sul1, cmlA, cmlR, and tet(33). Additionally, mutations in rpoB and gyrA were associated with resistance to rifampicin and ciprofloxacin, respectively.

The study identified blaIMP-45 as a major determinant of meropenem resistance in P. aeruginosa, and mutations in oprD, mexR, nalD, and armR were associated with meropenem resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in Salmonella and E. coli isolates from estuarine environments, including bla TEM, cmlA, sul3, tetA, dfrA12, and bla CTX-M-55, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant and ESBL-producing bacteria in these environments.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella typhimurium isolates from poultry meat, including tetA, tetB, tetC, tetG, sul1, sul2, floR, cat2, and cmlA, which confer resistance to tetracycline, sulfonamides, and chloramphenicol.

The study identified various AMR genes in 37 A. baumannii strains causing nosocomial meningitis, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, tetracycline resistance genes, macrolide resistance genes, phenicol resistance genes, sulfonamide resistance genes, rifamycin resistance genes, and antiseptic resistance genes.

The study identified several AMR genes in R. anatipestifer isolates, including aminoglycoside resistance genes (aph(3′)-VII, aac(3′)-IV, aadA, strA/strB), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), tet(X)), erythromycin resistance gene (ermF), chloramphenicol resistance gene (cmlA), beta-lactam resistance gene (bla TEM), and sulfonamide resistance gene (sulI).

Klebsiella pneumoniae strain F11 carries multiple resistance genes, including blaNDM-1, blaOXA-1, blaCTX-M-14, and others, conferring resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, and phenicols.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli isolated from retail produce in Bangkok, Thailand. Key findings include the presence of bla TEM, qnrS, tetA, tetB, strA, and strB genes, as well as gyrA and parC mutations associated with ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study identified multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from chicken meat, highlighting the presence of resistance genes such as blaTEM, tetA, ereA, CITM, and cmlA.

The study identified various beta-lactamase genes, including blaSPM, blaKPC, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaOXA, blaTEM, blaPER, blaVIM, and blaVIM-2 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaKPC, blaNDM, and blaOXA in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Additionally, aac(3)-IV, aadA1, aac(3)-II, sul2, sul1, sul3, dfrA, cmlA, and tetA were found to confer resistance to aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, and tetracyclines.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in multidrug-resistant E. coli strains causing infections in dogs and cats, including bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-55, bla CMY-2, bla CMY-148, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrS1, qnrB6, aadA2, aadA5, aadA16, ant(3′′)-Ia, aph(3′)-Ia, aph(3′′)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, rmtB, floR, cmlA, catA, sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfr17, dfrA27, tet(A), tet(B), tet(M), mph(A), erm(B), lnu(F), and arr-3, as well as the gyrA:p.S83L mutation.

The study identifies catA and cmlA as the primary genes responsible for chloramphenicol resistance in E. coli and Salmonella isolates from Thailand, highlighting their persistence through co-selection and horizontal gene transfer.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and mutations in Salmonella Typhi H58 lineage, highlighting its multidrug resistance and the role of IncH1 plasmids in conferring resistance to various antibiotics.

Four multidrug-resistant strains of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) were identified in puppies with acute pneumonia, carrying resistance genes such as TEM, CTX-M-55, mec, tet, AAC-IId, cmlA, dfrA, and sul. These strains were classified as ST131 or ST43 and showed resistance to cephalosporins, tetracyclines, and penicillins, but were susceptible to aminoglycosides, beta-lactamase inhibitors, carbapenems, chloramphenicols, and sulfonamides.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli and MRSA isolates from cattle in Austria, including bla CTX-M-1/15, bla CTX-M-9, bla TEM, tet (A), tet (B), dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA14, dfrA17, sul2, sul3, aadA1, aadA2, floR, cmlA, aphA, and bla ACT. Additionally, the MRSA isolate carried the mecA gene, indicating methicillin resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in Salmonella enterica isolates from Inner Mongolia, including bla TEM-1, cmlA, tetA, tetB, tetM, aadA2, aph(3')-IIa, aacC4, aac(3)-IIa, sul1, sul3, oqxA, and oqxB, which confer resistance to beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, and quinolones.

The study identified 15 AMR genes significantly more frequent in high-risk P. aeruginosa clones, including aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, phenicol, fluoroquinolone, trimethoprim, sulfonamide, and tetracycline resistance genes. These genes are often associated with mobile genetic elements, indicating a mobility-linked resistome in high-risk clones.

The study characterizes bla NDM-9 -carrying carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC) and identifies various antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) contributing to multidrug resistance. It highlights the role of mobile genetic elements in the dissemination of bla NDM-9 and emphasizes the importance of surveillance for these high-risk clones.

The cmlA gene encodes the multidrug efflux pump Cmr/MdfA, which is responsible for resistance to chloramphenicol, lipophiles, macrolides, aminoglycosides, and quinolones. Overexpression of CmlA leads to spectinomycin hypersensitivity.