The study describes the successful inactivation of the nifD gene in Chlorobium tepidum using natural transformation and homologous recombination, utilizing antibiotic resistance markers including aacC1, aadA, and ermC-cat.

The paper discusses molecular detection methods for antimicrobial resistance, focusing on genes like mecA and blaZ, which confer resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in staphylococci.

The study describes a multiplex PCR assay for detecting nine clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus, including mecA, aacA-aphD, erm(A), erm(C), tetK, tetM, and vat genes, which confer resistance to methicillin, aminoglycosides, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, tetracyclines, and quinupristin-dalfopristin.

The study identifies and characterizes the genes ermA, ermC, and msrA responsible for inducible and constitutive clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci using PCR and disk diffusion testing.

The study identified the presence of acquired macrolide resistance genes erm(B), erm(C), erm(F), and mef(A) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis isolates from 1940 to 1987. These genes were found in isolates dating back to 1955 and 1963, demonstrating the long-standing presence of these resistance mechanisms.

The study found that treatment with slow-release clarithromycin led to increased macrolide resistance in oropharyngeal flora, with significant rises in ermB and ermC genes in streptococci and staphylococci, respectively.

The study identified the ermC gene in 2 out of 25 Micrococcaceae strains resistant to erythromycin and/or spiramycin, indicating its role in macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin resistance.

The study identifies ermA, ermC, and msrA as genes responsible for clindamycin resistance in erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates, with distinct phenotypes observed in disk diffusion testing.

The study identified erm(B), erm(C), and erm(A) genes as mediators of inducible clindamycin resistance in pediatric community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) strains. The prevalence of inducible resistance decreased from 1999 to 2002.

The study shows that deletions in the regulatory region of the erm(C) gene lead to constitutive expression, resulting in resistance to various macrolides. The prevalence of constitutive erm(C) genes correlates with the usage of tylosin in different reservoirs.

The study identified several AMR genes including erm(A), erm(C), erm(B), vat(D), vgb(A), and vga(A) that confer resistance to streptogramins. Mutations in the rplV gene, encoding ribosomal protein L22, also contributed to resistance against streptogramin B.

The study characterizes a community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain (USA300-0114) that exhibits resistance to multiple antibiotics, including penicillin, oxacillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolones. Key resistance genes identified include blaZ, msrA, mecA, tet(K), and ermC, along with the Panton-Valentine leucocidin toxin genes lukF-PV and lukS-PV.

The study identified the presence of ermA and ermC genes in Staphylococcus isolates, which are responsible for inducible clindamycin resistance. The accuracy of the D-test for detecting this resistance was evaluated, highlighting the importance of proper disk separation distances.

The paper discusses the regulation of antibiotic resistance genes, focusing on glycopeptide resistance in enterococci, efflux pumps in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and the role of two-component systems in modulating resistance gene expression.

The study identifies methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 carrying resistance genes mecA, ermA, ermC, tetM, and aph2"-aac6', indicating resistance to penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, oxytetracycline, and gentamicin respectively.

The study developed a DNA microarray for the simultaneous detection of antibiotic resistance genes in staphylococcal clinical isolates, identifying genes such as mecA, blaZ, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2''), ermA, ermC, and msrA, which confer resistance to methicillin, penicillin, gentamicin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and macrolides/streptogramin B.

The study shows that erm(C) isolates have a higher mutation frequency to clindamycin resistance compared to erm(A) isolates, indicating a greater potential for selection of clindamycin-resistant mutants.

The study demonstrates that ketolides can induce the expression of the inducible erm(C) gene in Escherichia coli, leading to increased dimethylation of A2058 in 23S rRNA, which confers resistance to macrolides.

The study identifies the ermC gene as a key player in erythromycin resistance in Bacillus subtilis, showing that ribosome stalling induced by erythromycin leads to mRNA processing mediated by RNase J1.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in a multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain, including mecA, aadD, bleO, ermC, tet, and a chromosomal mutation in gyrA, contributing to resistance against beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones.

The study describes a rapid and high-throughput method for molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus using PCR coupled with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The method successfully identified genes associated with antibiotic resistance, including mecA, ermA, ermC, and mupA, which confer resistance to methicillin, erythromycin, and mupirocin.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in MRSA strains causing a skin lesion in a Spanish patient, including mecA, tetK, tetL, tetM, ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA, aph(2')-acc(6'), ant(4')-Ia, aph(3')-III, and dfrK, along with quinolone resistance mutations in grlA and gyrA.

The study identified the prevalence of erm(A), erm(C), msr(A), and msr(B) genes in erythromycin-resistant staphylococcal isolates, highlighting geographical variations in resistance mechanisms.

The study demonstrates the use of a high-density microarray for the identification of pathogens and the detection of antibiotic resistance genes, including blaZ, ermC, mph, and tetK, in clinical samples.

The study identified ermA and ermC genes as the primary determinants of MLSB resistance in erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Tehran, Iran. The combination of ermA and ermC was the most prevalent resistance mechanism.

The study identified the distribution of erm genes (ermA, ermB, and ermC) among staphylococci isolates and found that constitutive MLS B resistance was the most prevalent phenotype, with ermA being the most common gene in S. aureus and ermC in CNS isolates.

The study characterizes various methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clones, highlighting their antimicrobial resistance and virulence-associated markers, with a focus on SCC mec types and PVL status.

The study characterizes the cryptic plasmid pSM429 from Pseudoalteromonas sp. BSi20429 and develops a shuttle vector pWD for heterologous expression. The erythromycin resistance gene ermC was successfully expressed in Pseudoalteromonas sp. SM20429, demonstrating the utility of the system for cold-adapted protein production.

The study identifies the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in slaughter pigs in Switzerland, highlighting the emergence of the unusual sequence type ST49. It reports various AMR genes such as mecA, blaZ, tet(M), tet(K), erm(A), erm(C), ant(9)-Ia, str, dfr(G), and vga(A)v, which confer resistance to β-lactams, tetracycline, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins B, spectinomycin, streptomycin, trimethoprim, and tiamulin.

This paper characterizes several beta-lactamases, including TEM-1, SHV-1, CTX-M-15, and NDM-1, which confer resistance to various beta-lactam antibiotics. It also identifies erm(B) and mef(A) as mechanisms of macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B resistance. Additionally, aadA1 and aac(6')-Ib are noted for aminoglycoside resistance, while catA1 and floR contribute to chloramphenicol resistance. The vanA gene is associated with glycopeptide resistance, and mcr-1 is linked to polymyxin resistance.

The study identified various AMR genes in S. aureus strains from foods and food handlers, including blaZ, mupA, ermC, msrB, msrA, aacA, aphD, aadD, and tetK, which confer resistance to beta-lactams, mupirocin, erythromycin, clindamycin, aminoglycosides, and tetracycline.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in staphylococcal isolates, including mecA for methicillin resistance, aac(6')/aph(2"), aph(3')-IIIa, and ant(4')-Ia for gentamicin resistance, ermA, ermB, ermC, and msrA for erythromycin resistance, tetK and tetM for tetracycline resistance, and blaZ for penicillin resistance.

The study identified ermA, ermC, tetM, and tetK as essential genes for erythromycin and tetracycline resistance in MRSA strains from a Malaysian hospital.

The study identified the presence of the ermC gene in three out of five Staphylococcus lugdunensis isolates, which conferred resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, and penicillin. Additionally, the mecA gene was found in one isolate, indicating resistance to cefoxitin and penicillin.

The study identifies and characterizes novel SCCmec-SCCM1 composite islands in MRSA isolates, highlighting the presence of various AMR genes such as blaZ, erm(A), aadD, qacA, qacC, merA, merB, fosB, sdrM, aacA-aphD, far1 (fusB), Q6GD50 (fusC), and cat-pC194 (pMC524).

The study identified various AMR genes in nasal Staphylococcus aureus isolates from donkeys, including blaZ, erm(A), erm(C), tet(M), and fusC, which confer resistance to penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and fusidic acid.

The study identifies key AMR genes and mutations in the EMRSA-15 pandemic clone, including blaZ, ermC, mecA, and mutations in grlA and gyrA that confer fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified mecA, ermC, and ermB genes associated with methicillin and erythromycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from pig tonsils and cow's milk in China.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in environmental MRSA isolates, including aadD, erm(A), erm(C), msr(A), tet(K), and tet(M), which confer resistance to kanamycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline. These genes were found in a high proportion of the isolates, indicating that environmental MRSA can serve as reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes.

The study identifies novel erm(T)-carrying multiresistance plasmids from porcine and human isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398, which also harbor cadmium and copper resistance determinants.

Expression of the ermC gene leads to resistance against macrolide antibiotics by modifying the 23S rRNA, which affects translation and reduces bacterial fitness.

The study found that erythromycin resistance in Staphylococcus spp. was primarily mediated by the erm(C) gene, which was detected in isolates from beef cattle. The use of macrolides in cattle led to an increase in erythromycin-resistant enterococci, mainly Enterococcus hirae.

The study identified several genes associated with clinical outcomes in Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections, including mecA, bla, ermC, aadD, sed/sej/ser, and ssl11. These genes were found to be significantly associated with mortality, sepsis, and other clinical endpoints.

The study identified several AMR genes in MRSA and MSSA isolates, including ermC, tetK, tetM, blaZ, msrA, and ermA, which confer resistance to clindamycin, tetracycline, penicillin, and erythromycin. These findings highlight the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus isolates from military personnel in the US and Afghanistan.

Telithromycin activates ermC expression through a novel mechanism involving ribosomal frameshifting within the ermCL regulatory ORF, bypassing the stop codon and enabling translation through the intergenic spacer.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) isolated from very low birth weight neonates, including mecA, ermC, msrA, aac(6')/aph(2''), and aph(3')-IIIa, which conferred resistance to methicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin, and amikacin.

The study identified the prevalence of inducible clindamycin resistance in staphylococcal isolates, with erm(C) being the most prevalent gene among S. aureus isolates.

The study identifies several AMR genes including ermC, dfhR, tetK, and qacC in the ST93 clone of S. aureus, which confer resistance to erythromycin, trimethoprim, tetracycline, and quaternary ammonium compounds/beta-lactams respectively. Mutations in the agr locus were found to affect virulence gene expression.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes, including aac(6')-aph(2"), ermC, msrA, tetK, tetM, and mecA, in faecal isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci from Nigeria. These genes were associated with resistance to gentamicin, erythromycin, and tetracycline, as well as methicillin resistance.

The study identified methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) in milk from cows with mastitis in Brazil, highlighting the presence of various antimicrobial resistance genes including mecA, tet(K), str, ant(4')-I, aac(6')-aph(2"), lnu(B), lsa(E), and a modified erm(C) gene with an 89-bp deletion.

The study identified that companion animal isolates of MRSA were less likely to harbor the plasmid-encoded erm(C) gene, which confers erythromycin resistance, and when present, were more likely to have mutations leading to clindamycin resistance.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in MRSA isolates from bovines, including blaZ, blaI, blaR, tetM, ermC, aacA-aphD, aadD, aphA3, cat, sdrM, and fosB, which confer resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, and fosfomycin.

The paper discusses various rapid antimicrobial resistance testing methods, including molecular techniques like qPCR, DNA microarrays, Luminex xMAP, and next-generation sequencing (NGS), highlighting their roles in detecting resistance genes such as blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, blaKPC, blaNDM, blaOXA-48, blaVIM, blaIMP, mecA, mecC, vanA, vanB, aacA-aphD, tetK, tetM, ermA, ermC, vatA, vatB, and vatC in different bacterial species.

The study identified several AMR genes in meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from Iranian hospitals, including mecA, tetK, ermA, ermC, aacA-D, linA, msrA, vatA, vatC, and vatB. Additionally, the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene was found in 40.9% of the isolates.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in MRSA strains from Krasnoyarsk, Siberian Russia, including mecA, blaZ, ermA, ermC, cat, aacA-aphD, aadD, tet, spc, ble, qacA, cad, and mer, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as methicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline, spectinomycin, bleomycin, quaternary ammonium compounds, cadmium, and mercury.

The study evaluated the performance of a point-of-care multiplex PCR system for detecting pathogens and antibiotic resistance markers in hospital-acquired pneumonia. The system showed significantly shorter turnaround times compared to conventional microbiological diagnostics, although its performance was limited by frequent test failures and non-concordant results.

The study identified various MLS resistance genes, including erm(C), mph(C), erm(B), ere(A), vga(A), lnu(A), and msr(A)/msr(B), in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates from bovine mastitis, highlighting a high prevalence of inducible MLS resistance.

The study identified erm(C), erm(B), erm(A), msr(A), and lnu(A) as the primary genes responsible for resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B in Staphylococcus hominis isolates.

The study identified ermA and ermC genes in 12 heteroresistant vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA) isolates, which conferred resistance to clindamycin and erythromycin. The isolates exhibited diverse SCCmec types and genetic profiles, indicating limited epidemiological relationships.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from pigs in Nigeria, including mecA, blaZ, erm(C), erm(B), str, tet(K), tet(M), tet(L), dfrG, dfrK, aacA/aphD, aphA3, cat pC221, and cat pC223. Additionally, a Ser84Leu mutation in the gyrA gene was found to confer ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study identified erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), and erm(TR) genes in erythromycin-resistant Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CNS) isolates, indicating inducible clindamycin resistance. The majority of the isolates exhibited unique genomic patterns, suggesting limited transmission of resistant strains.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes in CC97 MRSA isolates from Italian dairy cattle and pigs, including erm(B), erm(C), vga(A), tet(K), tet(M), blaZ, and aacA-aphD, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as erythromycin, clindamycin, tiamulin, tetracycline, penicillin, and aminoglycosides.

The study identified the prevalence of genes responsible for MLSB resistance in erythromycin-resistant S. epidermidis, highlighting the frequent occurrence of ermC, mphC, msrA, and linA/A'.

The study identified the presence of ermA and ermC genes in Staphylococcus spp. isolates, which are responsible for MLS B resistance, with ermC being more frequently detected than ermA. The D test was emphasized for detecting inducible resistance to clindamycin.

The study identified the presence of ermA, ermB, ermC, and msrA genes in Staphylococcus isolates from hospital employees, highlighting the prevalence of macrolide resistance mechanisms in both S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci.

The study identifies several macrolone compounds with potent antibacterial activity against key respiratory pathogens, including those with macrolide resistance mechanisms. These compounds demonstrate superiority over existing macrolide antibiotics in vitro and in vivo, with minimal induction of resistance genes.

The study demonstrates the utility of HMM-GRASPx for profiling antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene families in metagenomic data sets, highlighting the distinct resistome profiles across different body sites and the importance of AMR gene abundance in understanding bacterial communities.

Only one isolate was resistant to penicillin, carrying the blaZ gene, while no resistance to other antibiotics was found.

The study identified the presence of mecA, ermA, and ermC genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from medical students, indicating resistance to oxacillin, cephoxitin, erythromycin, and clindamycin.

The study identified various AMR genes in MRSA isolates from Kuwait hospitals, including aphA3, aacA-aphD, ermA, ermC, mupA, tetK, tetM, fusC, far1, msrA, mphC, sat, qacA, qacC, merA, merB, dfrS1, aadD, fosB, cat, sdrM, icaA, icaC, and icaD, which conferred resistance to multiple antibiotics.

The study identified the ermC gene, which confers resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B, and SAAV_1916, a multidrug ABC transporter, which is associated with resistance in the highly virulent MRSA1679a strain.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from meat products, including resistance to β-lactams, macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and others.

The study found a low prevalence of inducible MLSB (iMLSB) and MS resistance phenotypes among methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates in Malaysia. The ermC gene was detected in all iMLSB isolates, while the msrA gene was found in the MS isolate.

The study identified several AMR genes in MRSA isolates from healthy turkeys and broilers, including ermA, ermB, ermC, tetK, tetM, lnuA, mphC, vgaA, aadD, aphA3, blaZ, blaI, blaR, and mecA. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, lincomycin, macrolides, streptogramins, tobramycin, neomycin, kanamycin, and beta-lactam antibiotics.

The study identified several AMR genes, including ermC, dfrG, and qacC, which confer resistance to erythromycin, trimethoprim, and quaternary ammonium compounds, respectively, in MRSA USA300 isolates from Suriname.

The study identified mecA and mecA Ss genes in methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) from street food in Taiwan, along with several other resistance genes such as ermA, ermC, tet(M), tet(K), tet(O), and aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, which confer resistance to oxacillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and gentamicin.

The study identified the presence of macrolide resistance genes msr, erm(C), and erm(T) in Staphylococcus aureus isolates following mass drug administration with azithromycin, contributing to increased prevalence of macrolide-resistant strains.

Sub-inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobials induce transducing phage particles capable of transferring the ermC erythromycin resistance gene between MRSA isolates.

The study identifies a Staphylococcus aureus clone resistant to mupirocin and fusidic acid, carrying exotoxin genes such as mupA, fusB, ermC, ermA, lukS/lukF-PV, eta, etb, and fnbA, which contribute to its pathogenicity and resistance mechanisms.

The study identified the presence of CA-MRSA ST93-IV and LA-MRSA ST398-V in Australian pigs, farm workers, and the environment. It also reported the first linezolid-resistant MRSA isolate in Australia. Resistance mechanisms included genes such as blaZ, ermC, fexA, tetK, tetL, vgaA, lnuB, aadD, aadE, and cfr.

Four resistance genes (aac(6')-Ii, ermC, qacA, tetQ) were significantly more abundant in ICU patients than in healthy subjects, while catA and tetW were more abundant in healthy subjects.

The study identified vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) strains carrying the vanA gene, along with multiple resistance genes such as mecA, ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA, msrB, tetM, ant(4')-Ia, aac(6')-Ie/aph(2'')-Ia, and aph(3')-IIIa. These strains exhibited high-level resistance to vancomycin and other antibiotics.

The study identified several tetracycline, macrolide, and aminoglycoside resistance genes in Lactobacillus isolates from chickens, highlighting the presence of resistance mechanisms in these bacteria.

The study characterizes mupA and mupB genes involved in mupirocin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes, including aac6-aph2a, ermC, tetK, and vanB, along with horizontal transfer genes such as pre pSK41, nes pSK41, traE, traG, traK, traL, traM, and pre pT181, in biofilm-forming Staphylococcus isolates.

The study identified several AMR genes including ermB, ermC, gyrA, tetM, tetL, and vanA in Enterococcus isolates from Sucuk, highlighting the potential for these bacteria to serve as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in multiple drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food of animal origin in Egypt, including blaZ, tetK, ermB, msrA, ermC, and aac(6')-aph(2").

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in feedlots and urban wastewater, highlighting the prevalence of sulfonamide, tetracycline, macrolide, fluoroquinolone, and β-lactam resistance genes in different environments.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in non-aureus staphylococci from Canadian dairy herds, including blaZ, mecA, fexA, norA, sav1866, dha, mphC, msrA, tet38, tetK, tetL, tetM, folP, and mprF. Mutations in mprF and rpoC were associated with daptomycin resistance, while mutations in cls were not linked to resistance.

The study identified blaZ, msrA, and ermC genes as responsible for penicillin and erythromycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from healthy students in Malaysia.

The study identified AMR genes erm(C), aacC-aphD, and blaZ in MRSA isolates from swine and primates, along with a chromosomal mutation gyrA Ser84Leu associated with ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in S. aureus isolates from nurses, including ermC, msrA, tetK, aac(6')-Ie/aph(2')-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, and ant(4')-Ia, which conferred resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and gentamicin.

The study identifies the erm(X) and erm(C) genes as responsible for MLSB resistance in Corynebacterium spp., with erm(X) being the primary gene detected and erm(C) being reported for the first time in this context.

The study identified several AMR genes in staphylococci from clinical and food samples in Algeria, including blaZ, mecA, tetM, tetK, aacA-aphD, and ermC. These genes conferred resistance to penicillin, methicillin, tetracycline, gentamicin, and erythromycin.

The study identified several tetracycline, macrolide, and lincosamide resistance genes in turkey-derived lactobacilli, including tetL, tetM, tetW, ermB, ermC, lnuA, aadE, ant(6)-Ia, cat, and lsaE. These genes were associated with resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, lincomycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tiamulin.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in Bacteroides ovatus ELH-B2, including those conferring resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and other antibiotics. These genes were validated through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests.

Three S. aureus isolates were resistant to cefoxitin and considered MRSA, with the mecA gene identified. The ermC and pvl genes were detected in one MRSA isolate from a diabetic patient.

The study reports the isolation of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from two dolphins, identifying the presence of the methicillin-resistance gene mecA, penicillase genes blaZ, blaI, and blaR, as well as genes for macrolide resistance (ermC) and aminoglycoside resistance (aadD).

The study identified erythromycin resistance genes erm(B) and erm(C) and tetracycline resistance genes tet(K) and tet(M) in Lactobacillus fermentum strains. None of the strains were able to transfer these resistance genes to other bacteria via conjugation.

The study quantified the presence of carbapenem resistance genes (bla OXA-48, bla NDM-1, and bla VIM) in ready-to-eat mealworms and grasshoppers from various countries, revealing varying frequencies of these genes in different samples.

The study identified erythromycin resistance genes erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), and msr(A) in Staphylococcus aureus isolates, highlighting their role in resistance mechanisms.

The study identifies various antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) associated with multidrug resistance, including macrolide, beta-lactam, tetracycline, and methicillin resistance genes, highlighting the presence of these genes in postmortem microbiome samples.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in MRSA isolates from Guangdong, China, including aac(6')-aph(2"), ermA, ermB, ermC, lnuA, dfrG, rpoB, fexA, and mutations in gyrA, gyrB, grlA, and grlB associated with resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identified various AMR genes in MRSA isolates from Iranian ICUs, including genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracycline, and mupirocin.

The study identified several AMR genes including ermC, tetK, aac6-aph2a, aph(2)-ic, aadD, aph3-III, and ermB in Gram-positive pathogens isolated from the International Space Station. These genes conferred resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, kanamycin, and other antibiotics.

The study identifies various AMR genes such as erm(A), erm(C), mupA, vga(A), and lnu(A) in methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) from humans and pets, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance and potential for interspecies transmission.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes including ermA, ermB, ermC, mphC, vanA, vanB, tetA, and tetM in Enterococcus species isolated from ready-to-eat seafood, indicating the presence of multidrug-resistant strains.

The study identified a dominant PVL-positive ST5-MRSA-IVc clone in Sri Lanka, which was also found in the UK and Australia. The clone exhibited resistance to methicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, and streptothricin.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in soil microbiota from conventional and organic farming systems, including genes conferring resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and rifampicin. The primary resistance mechanisms were attributed to efflux pumps, particularly RND and ABC transporters.

The study identifies and characterizes MLS B resistance genes, including erm(A), erm(C), lnu(A), msr(A), msr(B), and mph(C), in various coagulase-negative staphylococci species, highlighting their distribution and association with resistance mechanisms.

The study identified several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant staphylococci from high-frequency touched surfaces in London, including blaZ, qacA/B, dfrC, norA, ant(4')-Ib, AAC(6')-Ie-APH(2")-Ia, fusB, msrA, ermC, mphC, tetK, mupA, cat, dfrG, lnuA, fusC, aph3-IIIa, sat4A, vgaA, and others. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillin, fusidic acid, mupirocin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol.

The study identified the ermC gene on plasmid pT48, which confers inducible resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B in Staphylococcus aureus. The gene shows homology with other resistance plasmids but has distinct features in its leader region.

The study characterizes the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates in Malaysia, highlighting the presence of mecA gene conferring beta-lactam resistance and erm gene contributing to MLSB resistance.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations associated with hospital adaptation and pathogenicity in Staphylococcus haemolyticus, highlighting the importance of mecA, aacA-aphD, blaZ, ermC, mphC, qacA, qacB, folP, folB, and sraP in clinical isolates.

The study identified ermC, tetK, and tetM as the primary genes responsible for erythromycin and tetracycline resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Hainan, China.

The study identifies the PVL-positive human variant of MRSA CC398 as the cause of an outbreak in a Danish maternity unit, highlighting the role of international travelers in introducing such strains into healthcare settings.

This study identified the first report of linezolid resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from healthy turkeys in Egypt. The study found that 79.5% of the isolates were resistant to linezolid, and the resistance was associated with the presence of the cfr, optrA, and valS genes. The study also found high levels of resistance to other antibiotics, including erythromycin, chloramphenicol, oxacillin, daptomycin, and tigecycline.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the gut of young children in urban Maputo, Mozambique, including aadA1, SHV, ermA, ermB, mefA, tetA, tetB, and others, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identifies various AMR genes and mutations in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis strains isolated from a children's hospital in Mexico City, highlighting the presence of genes such as blaZ, mecA, and others, as well as mutations in gyrA and rpoB contributing to resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in MRSA isolates from Rhesus macaques, environmental samples, and human patients in Nepal, including aacA-aadD, dfrA, erm(C), aacA-aphD, aphA3, sat, and blaZ.

The study identifies several AMR genes in MRSA strains from Swiss pigs, including aac(6')-aph(2"), dfrG, erm(A), erm(C), spc, str, tet(K), tet(M), and vga(E). These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as gentamicin, kanamycin, tobramycin, trimethoprim, erythromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, streptogramin B, streptomycin, tetracycline, streptogramin A, pleuromutilin, and lincomycin.

The study identified several antibiotic and biocide resistance genes in Staphylococcus species associated with bovine mastitis in Rwanda, including blaZ, tet(K), erm(C), vga(A), sal(A), lnu(A), msr(A), dfrA, dfrD, dfrG, smr, qacAB, cadD, copB, and arsA. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, trimethoprim, and biocides like quaternary ammonium compounds.

The study identified various AMR genes in S. aureus isolates, including mecA, pvl, czrC, qacA/B, aac(6')/aph(2), aph(3'-III), msrA, ermA, ermC, mphC, tetK, tetL, tetM, cat::pC221, cat::pC223, cat::pC194, dfrA, dfrB, and dfrG, which confer resistance to multiple antibiotics such as oxacillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim.

The study identifies several genes and mutations associated with antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, including PenA, mtrR, 23S rRNA, rpsJ, PorB, PonA, GyrA, ParC, and bla. These genetic elements contribute to resistance against various antibiotics such as ceftriaxone, cefixime, azithromycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and penicillin.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes, including blaZ, tet(K), tet(L), tet(M), and various erm genes, in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food products in Denmark. Additionally, the tst gene was detected in CC398 and CC45 isolates, indicating the presence of toxic shock syndrome toxin.

The study identified LA-MRSA isolates belonging to CC96, CC97, and CC398, with CC97 being the dominant clone. Resistance genes such as erm(A), erm(C), msr(A), aacA-aphD, fusC, tet(K), cat, and dfrS1 were detected, indicating multidrug resistance.

The study identified erm(C) gene-mediated inducible clindamycin resistance in 7% of staphylococcal isolates, with 4% in S. aureus and 11% in coagulase-negative Staphylococci. It also found that 50% of MRSA isolates harbored the mecA gene, and 42% exhibited hypervariable region (HVR) of mecA. Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) was observed in 7% of isolates.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in MRSA strains from endotracheal tubes, including ermC, ermA, msrA, aac(6')-aph(2"), tetK, and fusB, along with quinolone resistance mutations in gyrA, gyrB, grlA, and grlB.

The study identifies known and novel antimicrobial resistance genes using a machine learning approach on pan-genomes of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. Key findings include the detection of resistance genes such as gyrA, parC, ermC, lmrS, aac(6')-aph(2"), dfrG, tetK, and various beta-lactamases.

The study identified antibiotic resistance genes blaZ, ermC, aac(3), aph(2), and norA in Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with bovine mastitis in Russia. These genes conferred resistance to penicillin, erythromycin, and gentamicin.

The study identified ermC and speG as genes contributing to clindamycin resistance in Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus paralicheniformis. ermC confers cross-resistance to clindamycin and erythromycin, while speG confers resistance to clindamycin.

The study evaluated the performance of multiplex PCR (mPCR) for detecting antimicrobial resistance genes in clinical samples from patients with orthopaedic infections. It identified several resistance genes, including mecA, mecC, aac(6')/aph(2''), ermA, ermC, rpoB, vanA, vanB, ctx-M, blaNDM, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, blaOXA-48, blaOXA-58, blaIMP, blaKPC, gyrA83, gyrA87, and aacA4, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as oxacillin, aminoglycosides, macrolides/lincosamides, rifampin, vancomycin, third-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) isolates from dental plaque, including mecA, dfrA, dfrG, aacA-aphD, aadD, aphA3, ermC, msrA, tetK, norA, qacA, and qacC. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as oxacillin, penicillin G, trimethoprim, gentamicin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and quaternary ammonium compounds.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in Staphylococcus and Streptococcus isolates from bovine milk, including blaZ, mecA, erm(C), aac(aph)D, tetK, tetL, tetM, lnuA, erm(A), erm(B), aphA-3, aad-6, and optrA, indicating widespread resistance to beta-lactams, macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and linezolid.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in MRSA isolates from bloodstream infections, including blaZ, ermA, ermC, msrA/B, mphC, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, and ant(4')-Ia, which conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, and aminoglycosides.

The study identified high prevalence of multidrug-resistant ST239 isolates with strong biofilm-producing ability. Key AMR genes included mupA, fusC, erm(A), erm(C), ant(4')-Ia, aac(6')-Ie/aph(2''), aph(3')-IIIa, tetM, and tetK.

The study identified the accumulation of ermC genes in anaerobic biofilm reactors fed with household chemical products, suggesting that these compounds exhibit antimicrobial activity similar to erythromycin.

The study identified several AMR genes in staphylococci from poultry intestines, including ermC, mecA, tetK, tetM, and aacA-aphD, which confer resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and gentamicin. Multidrug resistance was prevalent among the isolates.

The study identified twelve antimicrobial resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Enterococcus isolates from freshwater, including genes conferring resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, tylosin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and ciprofloxacin. These genes were detected through PCR and sequencing, highlighting the diversity of resistance mechanisms in environmental Enterococcus.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations associated with daptomycin resistance in MRSA strains, including genes such as aac(6')-Ib, blaZ, mecA, ermC, fexB, tetM, tet38, dfrC, fosD, and vgaA, as well as mutations in mprF, rpoB, grlA, grlB, and gyrA.

The study identified tetracycline resistance gene tetM, erythromycin resistance genes ermB and ermC, and ciprofloxacin resistance gene grlA in staphylococci from bulk tank ewe's milk. These genes were experimentally validated through PCR and phenotypic assays.

The study demonstrates that outer membrane (OM) disruption can overcome intrinsic, acquired, and spontaneous antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Specifically, OM disruption by SPR741 effectively counteracts resistance mediated by macrolide resistance elements (mphA, ermC, mphB, ereA), rifampicin resistance elements (arr, rph-Lm, rpoB), and other resistance mechanisms.

The study identified various antibiotic resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Nepalese primates, including erm(C), aacA-aphD, blaZ, msr(A), and mph(C). These genes conferred resistance to multiple antibiotics such as erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin, penicillin, and others.

The study identified various AMR genes in MRSA isolates from Kuwait hospitals, including mupA, aacA-aphD, erm(A), erm(C), tet(K), tet(M), fusC, fusB, and faR1, which conferred resistance to mupirocin, gentamicin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and fusidic acid.

The study identified various methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains in the United Arab Emirates, including novel variants with resistance genes such as fusC, ermC, aacA-aphD, mupR, and cfr. These genes confer resistance to fusidic acid, erythromycin/clindamycin, gentamicin, mupirocin, and chloramphenicol/florfenicol/linezolid/tigecycline, respectively.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) isolates, including blaZ, erm(B), erm(C), aph(3'), ant(6), aad(6), SAT-4, cat(pc221), dfr(G), tet(K), and tet(M). These genes were associated with resistance to beta-lactams, macrolides, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, and tetracycline.

The study identified a highly virulent community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) ST9-SCCmec XII isolate, ZY462471, which exhibited resistance to multiple antibiotics including erythromycin, clindamycin, oxacillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and gentamicin. The isolate was found to harbor the mecA, blaZ, and ermC genes, contributing to its resistance profile.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in MRSA ST398 isolates from a Portuguese slaughterhouse, highlighting the dissemination of these resistant strains through the pork production chain and their potential to colonize humans.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations associated with resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and antiseptics in Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates from prosthetic-joint infections.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in bacterial isolates from chronic non-healing wounds, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, macrolide resistance genes, and others. These genes were found in various bacterial species such as E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and others.

The study identifies key residues in ErmC and ErmE that are essential for their function in methylating A2058 of 23S rRNA, thereby conferring resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B. Functional analyses reveal that specific amino acid residues, such as Tyr-104, Arg-134 in ErmC, and Tyr-134, Lys-164, and Arg-171 in ErmE, are critical for substrate recognition and methylation activity.

The study identified various AMR genes in non-aureus staphylococci from ovine and human sources, including blaZ, tetK, msrA, ermC, smr, and qacA/B, which confer resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and antiseptics.

The study identified methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) lineages, including multidrug-resistant (MDRSE) strains, in the nasal and skin microbiota of patients before hospital admission for arthroplasty surgery. Key AMR genes identified include qacA (chlorhexidine tolerance), aac(6')-aph(2'') (aminoglycoside resistance), and ermC (macrolide-lincosamide resistance).