Arsenic and microplastics significantly influenced the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during vermicomposting, with specific genes like bla ampC, bla LRA-1, bla FEZ-1, aph(3′)-II, ermB, vanY, mefA, catA, tetX4, bla IMP-11, aadK, ant(3′)-Ih-aac(6′)-Id, ermG, bla OXA-119, tetR, vatE, smeE, mexD, bla OXA-3, amrB, tetY, class A beta-lactamase, dfrA1, alanine adenosyltransferase JOHN-1, mdtB, mdtE, and erm-41 being enriched under various treatment conditions.