The paper discusses the role of multidrug efflux pumps in microaerobic and anaerobic bacteria, highlighting their importance in antibiotic resistance. Several efflux systems were identified and characterized, including CmeABC, CmeDEF, CmeG, NhaA1/NhaA2, HefABC, HefDEF, HefGHI, NorB, BmeABC1-16, BexA, MdtEF, CusCBA, AcrAB, TolC, TetA, XepCAB, and bcRABD, each contributing to resistance against various antibiotics.