The study characterizes a community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain (USA300-0114) that exhibits resistance to multiple antibiotics, including penicillin, oxacillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolones. Key resistance genes identified include blaZ, msrA, mecA, tet(K), and ermC, along with the Panton-Valentine leucocidin toxin genes lukF-PV and lukS-PV.

The study identifies vanA, tet(S), and tet(U) as key genes contributing to vancomycin and tetracycline resistance in VRSA isolates, highlighting the role of plasmid-mediated gene transfer in the emergence of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Two cases of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) were identified in Colombia, with the isolates showing resistance to specific antibiotics and carrying the mecA and msrA genes.

The study developed a DNA microarray for the simultaneous detection of antibiotic resistance genes in staphylococcal clinical isolates, identifying genes such as mecA, blaZ, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2''), ermA, ermC, and msrA, which confer resistance to methicillin, penicillin, gentamicin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and macrolides/streptogramin B.

The paper provides an updated overview of drug efflux pumps in bacteria, focusing on their structure, mechanisms, and roles in multidrug resistance. It highlights the importance of RND, MFS, MATE, SMR, and ABC transporters in efflux-mediated resistance.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in MRSA strains causing a skin lesion in a Spanish patient, including mecA, tetK, tetL, tetM, ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA, aph(2')-acc(6'), ant(4')-Ia, aph(3')-III, and dfrK, along with quinolone resistance mutations in grlA and gyrA.

The study identified the prevalence of erm(A), erm(C), msr(A), and msr(B) genes in erythromycin-resistant staphylococcal isolates, highlighting geographical variations in resistance mechanisms.

The study identified various AMR genes in S. aureus strains from foods and food handlers, including blaZ, mupA, ermC, msrB, msrA, aacA, aphD, aadD, and tetK, which confer resistance to beta-lactams, mupirocin, erythromycin, clindamycin, aminoglycosides, and tetracycline.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in staphylococcal isolates, including mecA for methicillin resistance, aac(6')/aph(2"), aph(3')-IIIa, and ant(4')-Ia for gentamicin resistance, ermA, ermB, ermC, and msrA for erythromycin resistance, tetK and tetM for tetracycline resistance, and blaZ for penicillin resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in MRSA and MSSA isolates, including ermC, tetK, tetM, blaZ, msrA, and ermA, which confer resistance to clindamycin, tetracycline, penicillin, and erythromycin. These findings highlight the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus isolates from military personnel in the US and Afghanistan.

The study identifies the presence of multiple drug resistance genes on a plasmid encoding exfoliative toxin B in Staphylococcus aureus, including aac(6')-aph(2"), msrA, and blaZ, which confer resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin, tobramycin, erythromycin, and penicillin.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from military treatment facilities, including bla OXA-51-like, bla OXA-23, bla GES-11, aac(6')-Ib, aacC1, aadB, aphA6, and others, highlighting the complex resistome of these isolates.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) isolated from very low birth weight neonates, including mecA, ermC, msrA, aac(6')/aph(2''), and aph(3')-IIIa, which conferred resistance to methicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin, and amikacin.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes, including aac(6')-aph(2"), ermC, msrA, tetK, tetM, and mecA, in faecal isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci from Nigeria. These genes were associated with resistance to gentamicin, erythromycin, and tetracycline, as well as methicillin resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from Iranian hospitals, including mecA, tetK, ermA, ermC, aacA-D, linA, msrA, vatA, vatC, and vatB. Additionally, the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene was found in 40.9% of the isolates.

The study evaluated the performance of a point-of-care multiplex PCR system for detecting pathogens and antibiotic resistance markers in hospital-acquired pneumonia. The system showed significantly shorter turnaround times compared to conventional microbiological diagnostics, although its performance was limited by frequent test failures and non-concordant results.

The study identified various MLS resistance genes, including erm(C), mph(C), erm(B), ere(A), vga(A), lnu(A), and msr(A)/msr(B), in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates from bovine mastitis, highlighting a high prevalence of inducible MLS resistance.

The study found that PCHS-Bacillus strains exhibited resistance to penicillins and macrolides through the presence of OXA group beta-lactamase and msrA macrolide resistance efflux pump genes. Importantly, these Bacillus strains did not acquire new resistance genes during the study period.

The study identified the prevalence of genes responsible for MLSB resistance in erythromycin-resistant S. epidermidis, highlighting the frequent occurrence of ermC, mphC, msrA, and linA/A'.

The study identified the presence of ermA, ermB, ermC, and msrA genes in Staphylococcus isolates from hospital employees, highlighting the prevalence of macrolide resistance mechanisms in both S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci.

Cholecalciferol and alpha-tocopherol were found to inhibit efflux pumps in Staphylococcus aureus strains, reducing the MIC of antibiotics. Specifically, cholecalciferol showed significant modulation of tetracycline activity against the IS-58 strain.

The study identified various AMR genes in MRSA isolates from Kuwait hospitals, including aphA3, aacA-aphD, ermA, ermC, mupA, tetK, tetM, fusC, far1, msrA, mphC, sat, qacA, qacC, merA, merB, dfrS1, aadD, fosB, cat, sdrM, icaA, icaC, and icaD, which conferred resistance to multiple antibiotics.

The study found a low prevalence of inducible MLSB (iMLSB) and MS resistance phenotypes among methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates in Malaysia. The ermC gene was detected in all iMLSB isolates, while the msrA gene was found in the MS isolate.

The study identified the presence of macrolide resistance genes msr, erm(C), and erm(T) in Staphylococcus aureus isolates following mass drug administration with azithromycin, contributing to increased prevalence of macrolide-resistant strains.

The study identified tetK, ermA, msrA, and aacA-D as the most common antibiotic resistance genes in MRSA strains isolated from hospital food samples, highlighting the potential public health threat posed by multidrug-resistant MRSA.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in multiple drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food of animal origin in Egypt, including blaZ, tetK, ermB, msrA, ermC, and aac(6')-aph(2").

The study identified several genes associated with antibiotic resistance in a partial-nitritation biofilter exposed to a mixture of antibiotics. These included ermF, carA, and msrA for azithromycin resistance, gyrA and grlB mutations for norfloxacin resistance, and sul123 for sulfamethoxazole resistance.

The study identified blaZ, msrA, and ermC genes as responsible for penicillin and erythromycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from healthy students in Malaysia.

The paper discusses the prevalence and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus species, particularly focusing on macrolide, lincosamide, and tetracycline resistance. Key genes identified include erm(B), erm(A), lnuB, lnuD, mefA, mefE, msr, tet(B), tet(K), tet(L), tet(M), tet(O), and tet(S).

The study identifies several antibiotic resistance genes in the multidrug-resistant S. epidermidis strain G6_2, including aac(6')-aph(2"), blaZ, mecA, fosB, mphC, msrA, tetK, and qacC, which confer resistance to various antibiotics. Additionally, point mutations in ileS and fusA are associated with resistance to mupirocin and fusidic acid.

The study characterizes various AMR genes involved in resistance to multiple antibiotics, including beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, and others, in different bacterial species such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, and Serratia marcescens.

The study identifies various antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) associated with multidrug resistance, including macrolide, beta-lactam, tetracycline, and methicillin resistance genes, highlighting the presence of these genes in postmortem microbiome samples.

The study identified various AMR genes in MRSA isolates from Iranian ICUs, including genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracycline, and mupirocin.

The study identified several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant staphylococci from high-frequency touched surfaces in London, including blaZ, qacA/B, dfrC, norA, ant(4')-Ib, AAC(6')-Ie-APH(2")-Ia, fusB, msrA, ermC, mphC, tetK, mupA, cat, dfrG, lnuA, fusC, aph3-IIIa, sat4A, vgaA, and others. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillin, fusidic acid, mupirocin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol.

The study identifies msr(A) as the main macrolide resistance gene in azithromycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Gambian mothers and newborns, with the gene located on an MDR plasmid in ST5 MSSA strains.

The study characterizes the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates in Malaysia, highlighting the presence of mecA gene conferring beta-lactam resistance and erm gene contributing to MLSB resistance.

The study identifies RP2, a microbial-derived indole metabolite, as a potent efflux pump inhibitor targeting NorA, TetK, and MsrA in Staphylococcus aureus, enhancing the efficacy of antibiotics by reducing their minimum inhibitory concentrations and preventing the emergence of resistant mutants.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in Kenyan Staphylococcus aureus isolates, including mecA, ant(4')-lb, aph(3')-IIIa, ermA, sat-4, fusA, mphC, msrA, gyrA (S84L), parC (S80F), and rpoB mutations, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the gut of young children in urban Maputo, Mozambique, including aadA1, SHV, ermA, ermB, mefA, tetA, tetB, and others, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identified that Trp-containing peptides synergistically enhance the antibacterial activity of antibiotics against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis by reducing the expression of resistance genes such as bla Z, tet(m), and msr A.

The study identified various AMR genes in S. aureus isolates, including mecA, pvl, czrC, qacA/B, aac(6')/aph(2), aph(3'-III), msrA, ermA, ermC, mphC, tetK, tetL, tetM, cat::pC221, cat::pC223, cat::pC194, dfrA, dfrB, and dfrG, which confer resistance to multiple antibiotics such as oxacillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes, including blaZ, tet(K), tet(L), tet(M), and various erm genes, in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food products in Denmark. Additionally, the tst gene was detected in CC398 and CC45 isolates, indicating the presence of toxic shock syndrome toxin.

Baicalin inhibits the MsrA efflux pump, biofilm formation, and the agr quorum-sensing system in Staphylococcus saprophyticus.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in MRSA strains from endotracheal tubes, including ermC, ermA, msrA, aac(6')-aph(2"), tetK, and fusB, along with quinolone resistance mutations in gyrA, gyrB, grlA, and grlB.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) isolates from dental plaque, including mecA, dfrA, dfrG, aacA-aphD, aadD, aphA3, ermC, msrA, tetK, norA, qacA, and qacC. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as oxacillin, penicillin G, trimethoprim, gentamicin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and quaternary ammonium compounds.

Two resistance genes, aadD2 and blaZ, were identified in S. caprae SY333 and experimentally validated for their roles in conferring resistance to aminoglycosides and beta-lactams, respectively.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in bacterial isolates from chronic non-healing wounds, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, macrolide resistance genes, and others. These genes were found in various bacterial species such as E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and others.

The study identified various AMR genes in non-aureus staphylococci from ovine and human sources, including blaZ, tetK, msrA, ermC, smr, and qacA/B, which confer resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and antiseptics.

The study identified several AMR genes in ST72 isolates, including blaZ, aadD, ermC, msr(A), mph(C), tetK, aac(6')-aph(2'), fusC, and dfrG, which confer resistance to various antibiotics. K07-204 showed resistance to methicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, kanamycin, and tetracycline, while K07-561 exhibited resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline. Additionally, K07-204 was found to be highly resistant to lysostaphin.

The study presents a cross-resistance platform (CRP) consisting of 28 Staphylococcus aureus strains with defined resistance genotypes, designed to detect cross-resistance between established and novel antibacterial agents. The CRP includes various AMR genes and mutations that confer resistance to multiple antibiotic classes.

The study identified various AMR genes in S. aureus isolates from Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital, including blaZ, dfrA, dfrG, ermA, ermC, msrA, tetK, and tetM, contributing to resistance against multiple antibiotics. Additionally, mecA was detected, indicating methicillin resistance.

The paper discusses ribosome protection proteins (RPPs) as significant contributors to antibiotic resistance, particularly against tetracyclines, fusidic acid, and various other antibiotics targeting the ribosome. Key RPPs include TetM, TetO, FusB, VgaA, LsaA, MsrE, MsrA, optrA, and poxtA, which confer resistance through mechanisms involving direct interaction with the ribosome and displacement of antibiotics.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in staphylococci isolated from mastitic cow's milk in Kenya, including blaZ, strB, msrA, ermB, tetM, and tetK, which confer resistance to beta-lactams, streptomycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from equids, including blaZ, mupA, lnuA, tetK, tetL, tetM, norA, dfrC, dfrG, dfrK, ermA, ermC, msrA, mphC, qacA/B, qacC, and fosB. An isolate (17-021) was found to carry the lnuA gene and mupA plasmid, conferring resistance to clindamycin and mupirocin. A mutation in the prs gene was associated with phenotypic susceptibility to β-lactam drugs in a mecA-positive isolate.

The study identified the presence of ermA, ermC, and msrA genes in macrolide-resistant MRSA isolates, which contribute to resistance against macrolide antibiotics. The presence of these genes was associated with synergistic effects when combined with other antibiotics like linezolid, ceftriaxone, and gentamicin.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates, including mecA, blaZ, tet(K), erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), dfrG, aac(6')-aph(2''), and cat(pC221), which confer resistance to beta-lactams, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol.

The study identified novel resistance genes against sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine, including accB and recA, along with previously known genes such as msr, mef(A), tetAB(46), and fabK.

The study identified several AMR genes in Staphylococcus isolates from Novosibirsk, Russia, including mecA, blaZ, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, ant(4')-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, ermA, ermC, msrA, norA, dfrC, fosB, and mphC, which confer resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones, and other antibiotics.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) and Staphylococcus aureus, including lnuA, blaZ, ermA, ermB, ermC, mphC, msrA, aadD, aac-aph, str, and norA. These genes conferred resistance to lincomycin, penicillin, macrolides, aminoglycosides, and multiple antibiotics.

The study identified multiple AMR genes including mecA, tetK, tetL, ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA, scn, chp, sak, sea, and sep in S. aureus isolates from pets and pet owners in Malaysia, indicating the presence of multidrug-resistant and methicillin-resistant strains.

The study identifies the ST42 lineage of Staphylococcus haemolyticus as a multidrug-resistant and pathogenic clone with a high burden of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence determinants.

This study identified various AMR genes including blaOXA-23, blaNDM-1, aph(3')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, armA, mph, msr, cmlA1, ARR-2, sul1, sul2, tet(B), and blaPER-7 in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from India. These genes were found to be associated with resistance islands and mobile genetic elements, contributing to the spread of multidrug resistance.

The study identifies various antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive bacteria causing neonatal sepsis, including mecA, tet(K), tet(M), tet(L), aadD, aph(3)-III, ermA, ermC, msrA, mphC, and IS256. These genes confer resistance to multiple antibiotics, highlighting the complexity of antimicrobial resistance in low-resource settings.

The study identified several AMR genes in methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolates from goats and their farm environments in Saudi Arabia, including mecA, blaZ, norA, lmrS, mepA, mepR, arlR, arlS, tet(38), mecR1, dfrC, fusC, fosB, fexA, tetM, msrA, mphC, fusB, APH(3′)-IIIa, tetK, and dfrG. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, macrolides, phenicols, diaminopyrimidines, oxazolidinones, tetracyclines, and fosfomycin.

The study identified five antimicrobial resistance genes (norB, msrA, mprF, mepA, and FosX) in Listeria monocytogenes strains using MinION sequencing and the CARD database.

The study identifies abm, msr, and lnuA as genes contributing to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and lincomycin resistance in Staphylococcus equorum KM1031, respectively.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcaceae isolates from camels and cattle in East Africa, including tet(K), blaZ, blaARL, mecA, mecA1, msrA, mphC, salA, dfrG, aacA-aphD, and str. These genes were associated with resistance to tetracycline, benzylpenicillin, oxacillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, trimethoprim, gentamicin, and streptomycin.

The paper discusses the molecular mechanisms of resistance to non-beta-lactam antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus, highlighting the roles of various genes and mutations in conferring resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, oxazolidinones, lipopeptides, fluoroquinolones, and other antibiotics.

The study identified a cluster of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) in a school in Eastern Switzerland, characterized by ST5 sequence type and efflux-mediated macrolide resistance. The outbreak was linked to a local school, and decolonization efforts successfully reduced the incidence of CA-MRSA cases.

The study identified several AMR genes in S. aureus isolates from diabetic foot infections, including blaZ, erm(B), erm(A), msrA, tet(M), tet(K), tet(L), aac(6')-aph(2"), ant(4')-Ia, and fexA. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, tobramycin, and chloramphenicol.

The study identified a vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strain (SJ2) harboring the vanA gene on a rep2 plasmid. The strain exhibited resistance to multiple antibiotics, including vancomycin, and contained several other antimicrobial resistance genes.

The study identified several AMR genes associated with erythromycin and clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, including ermC, ermA, ermB, msrA, msrB, lnuA, and mphC. These genes were detected through PCR and phenotypic analysis.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in the multidrug-resistant S. aureus isolate SauR3, including blaZ, mecA, norA, norC, sdrM, ermC, lmrS, msrA, mphC, aph(3′)-IIIa, aadE, aac(6′)Ie-aph(2″)Ia, fosB, and SAT-4, contributing to resistance against various antibiotics.

The study identified linezolid resistance mechanisms in MRSA isolates, including mutations in domain V of 23 S rRNA (A2338T, T2504C, G2576T) and genes such as cfr(B), optrA, msrA, mecA, and vanA.

The study evaluated the effectiveness of a combined probiotic-phage sanitation system (PCHSφ) in reducing microbial contamination and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in hospital environments. PCHSφ significantly reduced staphylococcal contamination and AMR gene prevalence compared to conventional chemical disinfection and PCHS alone.

The study identifies vancomycin intermediate-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus SH-1 carrying multiple drug resistance genes and novel mutations in WalK gene associated with vancomycin resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in S. aureus isolates, including blaZ, mecA, tetM, dfrS1, ermA, ermC, msrA, and norA, which conferred resistance to penicillin, cefoxitin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, azithromycin, and ciprofloxacin.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from raw shrimp in China, including mecA, mecR1, blaZ, aph(3')-IIIa, aad(6), ANT(4')-Ib, tet(K), mph(C), lnu(A), ermB, ermC, dfrC, dfrG, fosB, SAT-4, rpoB, msr(A), mepA, mepR, norA, mgrA, tet(38), sav1866, arlR, and arlS, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, trimethoprim, fosfomycin, and others.

The study identifies the presence of macrolide resistance genes in the gut microbiota of preterm infants, with erm(C) and msr(A) being the most common. These genes were found in various bacterial genera, including Staphylococcus and Enterococcus.

The study identified the presence of the tetracycline resistance gene tetK in Mammaliicoccus sciuri isolates, which was associated with tetracycline resistance. The gene was found on small plasmids, suggesting a potential mechanism for horizontal gene transfer.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in MRSA isolates from Benin, including mecA, aac(6')-Ie/aph(2")-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, blaI, blaR1, blaZ, mecI, mecR1, fosB, erm(C), mph(C), msr(A), qacC, dfrG, and dfrS1, along with mutations in glpT, murA, gyrA, and parC associated with resistance to various antibiotics.

Valencene and nootkatone were identified as potential inhibitors of the NorA, Tet(K), MsrA, and MepA efflux pumps in Staphylococcus aureus strains, reducing the MIC of antibiotics and increasing EtBr fluorescence emission, indicating efflux pump inhibition.

The study identifies several multidrug efflux system genes (norA, norB, norC, lmrS, tet38, msrA) in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from human, animal, and food sources, highlighting their role in resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus species isolated from diabetic foot ulcers and healthy skin, highlighting the prevalence of resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, fusidic acid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, fosfomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, and quaternary ammonium compounds.

The study identified that the sesquiterpenes nerolidol, farnesol, and alpha-bisabolol inhibited efflux pumps NorA, Tet(K), MsrA, and MepA in Staphylococcus aureus strains, reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics and enhancing their antibacterial activity.

The study identified high frequencies of erythromycin and clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Ardabil, Iran, with ermC being the most prevalent erythromycin resistance gene.

The study identifies several AMR genes in Staphylococcus saprophyticus, including mecA, blaZ, erm, erm(44)v, msr(A), and mph(C), which confer resistance to beta-lactams, macrolides, and lincosamides. The presence of these genes is associated with varying levels of resistance, and some genes, like mecA, are useful markers for predicting resistance to specific antibiotics.

The study identified several macrolide resistance genes, including erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), msr(A), and mph(C), in Staphylococcus aureus isolates. These genes were associated with resistance to erythromycin and azithromycin.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from both patients and retail meat, including blaZ, fosB-Saur, tet38, mphC, msrA, sat4, mecA, aph(3')-IIIa, and fusC. These genes were associated with resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillin, tetracycline, macrolides, and fusidic acid.

The study characterizes the resistome of Gram-positive bacteria causing keratitis, identifying several AMR genes and mutations associated with resistance to antibiotics such as macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones. Key findings include the prevalence of ermA, ermB, ermC, mphC, msrA, msrD, mecA, ant(9)-Ia, ant(4′)-Ib, aac(6′)-aph(2″), aph(3′)-III, fosB, tetK, tetM, dfrG, dfrC, and dfrE genes, along with mutations in gyrA and parC contributing to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in staphylococci isolated from the skin of captive-bred reptiles, including blaZ, dfrK, dfrA(S1), tetK, msrA, mecA, and mecC. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, cefoxitin, trimethoprim, tetracycline, erythromycin, and cephalosporins. The study highlights the prevalence of multidrug resistance among these isolates.

The study identifies prophage-encoded antibiotic resistance genes, including aadK in Paenibacillus polymyxa and mph(C) and msr(A) in Staphylococcus epidermidis, highlighting the role of bacteriophages in microbial adaptation to spaceflight.

The study identified two bacteriocin gene clusters, aureocin 4181 in MRSA 23ad and epidermicin NI01 in S. epidermidis 84ad, which are involved in the production of antimicrobial substances that inhibit the growth of other staphylococcal species.

The study identified the presence of macrolide resistance genes ermB, ermC, and msrA in Staphylococcus aureus and other staphylococci (SOSA) isolates, with ermB showing the highest prevalence. These genes confer resistance to erythromycin and azithromycin.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including bla Z, aac A- aph D, msr A, tet K, gyr A, grl A, dfr G, and cfr, in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from rabbit clinical abscesses, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains.

The study identifies several antibiotic resistance genes and mutations in Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with increased resistance to methicillin, macrolides, and other antibiotics during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The study identified multiple multidrug-resistant staphylococci, including methicillin-resistant S. haemolyticus, S. epidermidis, and a livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) strain, carrying various resistance genes such as mecA, blaZ, erm(C), aac(6')-aph(2''), and others, highlighting the presence of AMR in public environments.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in odontogenic abscesses using NGS, including genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, penicillins, and others. Notably, Fusobacterium showed resistance to clindamycin.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates from subclinical mastitis in Danish dairy cows, including blaZ for penicillin resistance, fosB for fosfomycin resistance, msr(A) and mph(C) for erythromycin resistance, and tet(K) for tetracycline resistance.

The study identified mecA, msrA, and blaZ genes in biofilm-forming Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates from pediatric bacteremia, showing high prevalence of methicillin, erythromycin, and beta-lactam resistance.

The study identifies ermB, ereA, msrA, mefA, and mefE as key genes associated with MLS resistance in Streptococci, highlighting the role of efflux mechanisms and ribosomal methylation in conferring resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins.

The study highlights the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp. isolated from food handlers, emphasizing the role of genes such as mecA, blaZ, msrA, linA, and fusB in conferring resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identified novel Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC mec ) elements in four methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) isolates from healthy medical students. The isolates harbored various antimicrobial resistance genes, including mecA, blaZ, mphC, msrA, tetK, fusC, fusF, qacA, qacB, qacC, norA, copB, arsC, cadC, cadD, copZ, copA, copR, and czcD, which conferred resistance to beta-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, fusidic acid, quaternary ammonium compounds, fluoroquinolones, and heavy metals.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in Staphylococcus isolates from dogs in Vietnam, including aacA-aphD, tetK, gyrA, mecA, msrA, dfrA, and ermA, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus species.

The study identifies the presence of ermA, ermC, msrA, and mecA genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates, contributing to resistance against macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, and beta-lactams. It also evaluates the effectiveness of pristinamycin combinations with other antibiotics against these resistant isolates.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Enterococcus faecalis isolates from public gymnasium equipment, highlighting their potential to resist various antibiotics and posing a health risk in communal environments.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci associated with mastitis, including blaZ, mecA, tetK, tetM, aphA3, aacA-aphD, aadD, ermA, msrA, mphC, lnuB, and vanA, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as β-lactams, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and glycopeptides.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in S. aureus isolates from Saudi Arabia, highlighting the genetic diversity and resistance patterns associated with mass gatherings. Key genes include mecA, mecR1, aacA-aphD, knt, tet(K), ermC, msrA, fcl_1, natA, macB, and dppB, which confer resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli from poultry and other food-producing animals in China, highlighting the prevalence of beta-lactamases, tetracycline resistance genes, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, quinolone resistance genes, and sulfonamide resistance genes.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in airborne staphylococci, including mecA, dfrS1(dfrA), dfrG, femB, blaZ, cfr, and msrA, which confer resistance to methicillin, trimethoprim, beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, and macrolides/lincosamides. High prevalence of multidrug-resistant staphylococci was observed in urban environments of Delhi, India.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in four multidrug-resistant Mammaliicoccus sciuri isolates from farm ruminants in Peninsular Malaysia, including mecA, ermY, mphC, msrA, tetL, tetS, aadD, ant(6)-Ia, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia, fexA, icaA, icaB, icaC, icaD, icaR, sspA, ndk, and lgt. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics, including β-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol.

The study detected β-lactam resistance gene blaZ and methicillin resistance gene mecC, along with efflux pump genes norA, norC, and msrA in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from commercial laying hens in Brazil.

The study shows that the msrA gene, encoding an ABC-transporter, is sufficient for erythromycin and type B streptogramin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus RN4220. Deletion of the control region of msrA resulted in constitutive resistance, demonstrating that the gene's wild-type form confers resistance without requiring additional chromosomal sequences.