Browse AMR Genes
Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature
Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature
nitroreductase
Overview
| Protein Change | Nucleotide Change | Mechanism | Organism | Resistance To | Database | Validation Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G192D | - | oxygen-insensitive NAD(P)H nitroreductase NfsB | Escherichia coli | nitrofurantoin | ReslitReference Gene Catalog | Candidate |
| W94* | - | - | Escherichia coli | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| R133C | - | - | Escherichia coli | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| H11Y | - | - | Escherichia coli | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| F84S | - | oxygen-insensitive NAD(P)H nitroreductase NfsB | Escherichia coli | nitrofurantoin | ReslitReference Gene Catalog | Candidate |
| W46R | - | - | Escherichia coli | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| G126R | - | - | Escherichia coli | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| Q67* | - | - | Escherichia coli | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| Q113* | - | - | Escherichia coli | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| W159* | - | - | Escherichia coli | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| E75* | - | - | Escherichia coli | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| S38F | - | - | Escherichia coli | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| G131D | - | - | Escherichia coli | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| K205E | - | - | Escherichia coli | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| P209L | - | - | Escherichia coli | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| N42H | - | - | Escherichia coli | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| H80Y | - | - | Escherichia coli | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| Q5* | - | - | Vibrio cholerae | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| M152V | - | - | Escherichia coli | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| W46C | - | modification or loss of NfsB is a well-known mechanism of nitrofurantoin resistance in E. coli, leading to inactivated or poor catalytic function, oxygen-insensitive NAD(P)H nitroreductase NfsB | Klebsiella pneumoniae | nitrofurantoin | ReslitReference Gene Catalog | Candidate |
| D198Y | - | modification or loss of NfsB is a well-known mechanism of nitrofurantoin resistance in E. coli, leading to inactivated or poor catalytic function, oxygen-insensitive NAD(P)H nitroreductase NfsB | Klebsiella pneumoniae | nitrofurantoin | ReslitReference Gene Catalog | Candidate |
| R207L | - | - | - | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| A19T | - | - | - | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| D25E | - | - | - | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| A155G | - | - | - | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| L157M | - | - | - | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| L186V | - | - | - | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| N109A | - | - | - | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| T122C | - | - | - | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| Q44H | - | - | - | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| R107C | - | - | - | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| G192S | - | oxygen-insensitive NAD(P)H nitroreductase NfsB | Escherichia coli | nitrofurantoin | ReslitReference Gene Catalog | Candidate |
| R207H | - | - | - | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| K122R | - | - | - | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| E137Ter | - | nonsense mutation | Escherichia coli | nitrofurantoin | Card Database | Candidate |
| W94Ter | - | oxygen-insensitive NAD(P)H nitroreductase NfsB | Escherichia coli | nitrofurantoin | Reference Gene Catalog | Candidate |
| E197Ter | - | oxygen-insensitive NAD(P)H nitroreductase NfsB | Escherichia coli | nitrofurantoin | Reference Gene Catalog | Candidate |
| G192A | - | Neisseria gonorrhoeae | nitrofurantoin | Reslit | Candidate |
| Allele | Database | Papers | Drug Classes | Organisms | Countries | Years | Sequence Accession | Protein Accession |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nfsB | Reslit | 14 | nitrofurantoin, phenicols +1 | Neisseria gonorrhoeae +9 | Spain, Egypt, Europe|Italy, Australia, Northwestern Transylvania, Romania | 2009, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 | GU112770|GU112771|GU112772|GU112773|GU112774|GU112775|GU112776|GU112777|GU112778|GU112779|GU112780|GU112781|GU112782|GU112783 | - |
| nfsB_W94STOP | Reslit | 1 | nitrofurantoin | Escherichia coli | Peru | 2025 | JBJFLZ000000000|JBJFMA000000000|JBJFMB000000000|JBJFMC000000000|JBJFMD000000000|JBJFME000000000|JBJFMF000000000|JBJFMG000000000|JBJFMH000000000|JBJFMI000000000 | - |
Use of nfsB, encoding nitroreductase, as a reporter gene to determine the mutational spectrum of spontaneous mutations in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
The study identifies nfsB as a nitroreductase gene in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and shows that mutations in nfsB lead to nitrofurantoin resistance. Various types of mutations, including point mutations, insertions, and deletions, were found to contribute to resistance.
Discovery and Characterization of a Nitroreductase Capable of Conferring Bacterial Resistance to Chloramphenicol.
The study identifies the Haemophilus influenzae nfsB gene as a novel nitroreductase that confers resistance to chloramphenicol by reducing its nitro group to amino-chloramphenicol. Expression of nfsB in E. coli significantly increases resistance to chloramphenicol, as evidenced by increased MIC values and reduced susceptibility.
Molecular mechanisms of collateral sensitivity to the antibiotic nitrofurantoin.
The study identifies the molecular mechanisms behind collateral sensitivity to nitrofurantoin (NIT) in E. coli and S. enterica. Overexpression of nitroreductases nfsA and nfsB, along with increased antibiotic uptake in the hemL mutant, and interference with the SOS response in the lon mutant, contribute to NIT hypersensitivity.
Characterization of Fosfomycin and Nitrofurantoin Resistance Mechanisms in Escherichia coli Isolated in Clinical Urine Samples.
The study identifies fosA3 as a novel plasmid-mediated fosfomycin resistance gene in E. coli isolates in Spain. Fosfomycin resistance is primarily due to defects in the UhpT transporter system, while nitrofurantoin resistance involves mutations in nfsA, nfsB, and ribE genes.
Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium Isolated from Laying Hens, Table Eggs, and Humans with Respect to Antimicrobial Activity of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles.
The study identified several AMR genes, including blaTEM, tetA, tetB, nfsA, and nfsB, in multidrug-resistant Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium isolates. These genes conferred resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and nitrofurantoin. Additionally, biosynthesized silver nanoparticles showed promising antimicrobial activity against these resistant strains.
Functional and Structural Characterization of Diverse NfsB Chloramphenicol Reductase Enzymes from Human Pathogens.
The study identifies and characterizes NfsB chloramphenicol reductase enzymes from various human pathogens, demonstrating that expression of these genes in E. coli confers resistance to chloramphenicol through nitroreduction.
Overcoming Multidrug Resistance in Salmonella spp. Isolates Obtained From the Swine Food Chain by Using Essential Oils: An in vitro Study.
The study identified several AMR genes in Salmonella isolates from the swine food chain, including parC, catA1, nfsB, nfsA, blaTEM, tetA, and tetB, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, piperacillin, and tetracycline.
Exploring the in situ evolution of nitrofurantoin resistance in clinically derived uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates.
The study identifies loss-of-function mutations in the nitroreductase genes nfsA and nfsB as the primary mechanisms of nitrofurantoin resistance in uropathogenic E. coli. Specifically, a T37M point mutation in nfsA and a complete deletion of nfsB were found to confer resistance.
Pervasive Selection for Clinically Relevant Resistance and Media Adaptive Mutations at Very Low Antibiotic Concentrations.
The study identifies clinically relevant resistance mutations in E. coli under subMIC antibiotic concentrations, showing that mutations in glpT, uhpT, uhpC, uhpA, nfsA, nfsB, gyrA, gyrB, and envZ confer resistance to fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline.
IS1-related large-scale deletion of chromosomal regions harbouring the oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase gene nfsB causes nitrofurantoin heteroresistance in Escherichia coli.
The study identifies IS1-mediated large-scale deletions of chromosomal regions containing the nfsB gene as a novel mechanism of nitrofurantoin heteroresistance in E. coli.
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC)-Associated Urinary Tract Infections: The Molecular Basis for Challenges to Effective Treatment.
This review discusses the molecular basis of challenges to effective treatment of UPEC-associated urinary tract infections, focusing on virulence factors and antibiotic resistance mechanisms.
Genomic characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing and carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli from urban wastewater in Australia.
The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in carbapenem-resistant and ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from Australian wastewater, highlighting the presence of resistance mechanisms such as bla NDM-5, bla CMY-42, and mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE.
The Difference a Year Can Make: How Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Have Changed in Northwestern Transylvania.
The study identified an increase in multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in Northwestern Transylvania, Romania, between 2022 and 2023. Key AMR genes included bla OXA-50, sul1, ermB, mexA, mexB, bla VIM-1, aac(6′)-II, ant(4′)-Ia, aac(3)-I, aac(6′)-Im, aph(2″)-Ib, tetA, tetC, tetK, qnrB, ermC, mphC, fosA, nfsA, nfsB, ampC, and TEM-1.
Tripartite Loops Reverse Antibiotic Resistance.
The study introduces tripartite loops consisting of three antibiotics to reverse antibiotic resistance in bacteria. By evolving resistance to a third drug, the study shows that resistance to the initial drugs can be reversed, leading to resensitization. The research highlights the role of specific genes and mutations in mediating resistance and resensitization, including genes involved in electron transport, efflux regulation, and nutrient transport.
Genomic Characterization of Escherichia coli Isolates from Alpaca Crias (Vicugna pacos) in the Peruvian Highlands: Insights into Functional Diversity and Pathogenicity.
The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in E. coli isolates from alpaca crias, including blaEC-15 for beta-lactam resistance, glpT_E448K for fosfomycin resistance, and pmrB for colistin resistance.
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