The study identifies norM as a gene encoding an efflux pump that contributes to resistance against ciprofloxacin, solithromycin, berberine, and ethidium bromide in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The expression of norM is regulated by cis- and trans-acting factors, including a poly(T) tract in the promoter and a TetR-like regulator.

The study identifies IS614, a Bacteroides insertion sequence, and other genomic variations in Bacteroides caccae that may contribute to its dominance in the gut microbiome during antibiotic treatment.

Exposure to sub-lethal chlorhexidine concentrations induced resistance to chlorhexidine and cross-resistance to other antibiotics in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Mutations in norM, mtrR, and mlaA were associated with increased chlorhexidine resistance.

The study identifies several genes and mutations associated with antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa populations from cystic fibrosis patients, including ampC, mexB, norM, gyrA, and mutations in mutS and mutL.

The study reveals that hypermutator strains of P. aeruginosa in CF lungs exhibit increased sensitivity to antimicrobials despite their genetic diversity. Key genes like ampC, mexB, mexY, and norM were found to influence resistance profiles, while mutations in mutS and mutL contributed to hypermutation and altered susceptibility.

The study identifies key resistance mechanisms in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, including the widespread presence of efflux pump genes (norM, farB, mtrC, mtrA) and specific resistance genes such as bla TEM, tet(C), and erm(C). It highlights the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and the need for global surveillance and targeted interventions.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations in Brucella species, including rpoB mutations conferring rifampicin resistance, gyrA and gyrB mutations linked to ciprofloxacin resistance, and the presence of Brucella_suis_mprF and related bep genes associated with resistance to multiple antibiotics. Additionally, the NorM efflux pump was detected in Brucella melitensis.

The study identified 10 antibiotic resistance genes in the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strain APPFJLYC01, including genes conferring resistance to multiple antibiotic classes such as β-lactams, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and macrolides.

The study identified norM, a gene encoding a putative multidrug efflux protein in Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which confers resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents including norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ethidium, kanamycin, and streptomycin. A homologous gene, ydhE, was also identified in Escherichia coli with similar resistance profiles.