pmrA

multidrug efflux MFS transporter PmrA

Validation StatusConfirmed2+ DBs

Overview

Mechanism: antibiotic efflux
Validation Method: whole genome sequencing
Drug Classes: QUINOLONE, colistin, polymyxin b, polymyxin b|colistin, polymyxins, gentamicin|amikacin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin
Organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae GA19690, Streptococcus pneumoniae R6, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Enterobacterales, Salmonella spp., Enterobacter hormaechei
Geographic Location: India
Alleles: 3
Papers: 86
Databases: Card DatabaseReference Gene CatalogReslit
Mutations: 70

Mutations

Protein Change	Nucleotide Change	Mechanism	Organism	Resistance To	Database	Validation Status
P102H	-	constitutive activation	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistinpolymyxin bpolymyxins	Reslit	Candidate
M12I	-	The mutation in pmrA (M12I) leads to constitutive activation of the PmrAB two-component system, resulting in increased expression of the pmrCAB operon and resistance to polymyxin B., associated with HR to colistin, two-component system response regulator PmrA	Acinetobacter baumannii	polymyxin bcolistin	ReslitReference Gene Catalog	Candidate
H499R	-	The mutation in pmrA (H499R) leads to constitutive activation of the PmrAB two-component system, resulting in increased expression of the pmrCAB operon and resistance to polymyxin B.	Acinetobacter baumannii	polymyxin b	Reslit	Candidate
R81H	-	confirmed by complementation experiments, two-component system response regulator PmrA	Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli	polymyxin b\|colistinpolymyxinscolistin	ReslitReference Gene Catalog	Candidate
R81C	-	two-component system response regulator PmrA	Salmonella enterica	polymyxin b\|colistincolistin	ReslitReference Gene Catalog	Candidate
G15R	-	affects protein function, Target modification, two-component system response regulator PmrA	Salmonella enterica, E. coli	polymyxin b\|colistincolistin	ReslitResFinder DatabaseReference Gene Catalog	Candidate
G53E	-	mutant confers resistance to colistin, Target modification, two-component system response regulator PmrA	Salmonella enterica	polymyxin b\|colistincolistinpolymyxins	ReslitResFinder DatabaseReference Gene Catalog	Candidate
G53R	-	affects protein function, predicted to affect the function of PmrB based on SIFT score (<0.05), Target modification, two-component system response regulator PmrA	Salmonella enterica, Klebsiella aerogenes, E. coli, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae	polymyxin b\|colistincolistinpolymyxin b	ReslitResFinder DatabaseReference Gene Catalog	Candidate
A80V	-	-	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
E123D	-	predicted to affect the function of proteins encoded by these genes	Escherichia coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
L157Q	-	two-component system response regulator PmrA	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	colistin	ReslitReference Gene Catalog	Candidate
L105P	-	activates eptA and arnT	Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
L71R	C212G	mutated form of pmrA confers resistance to aminoglycosides, activated	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	gentamicin\|amikacinpolymyxinstobramycin+1 more	Reslit	Candidate
G423C	-	mutated form of pmrB confers resistance to aminoglycosides	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	gentamicin\|amikacin	Reslit	Candidate
G144S	-	-	Escherichia coli, E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
A41T	-	predicted to modify protein function by PROVEAN analysis	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
G53C	-	two-component system response regulator PmrA	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	ReslitReference Gene Catalog	Candidate
G53S	-	two-component system response regulator PmrA	Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli	colistinpolymyxins	ReslitReference Gene Catalog	Candidate
S29G	-	-	E. coli, Escherichia coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
T31S	-	-	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
T79A	-	-	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
T85A	-	-	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
L116V	-	-	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
R118F	-	-	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
E126K	-	-	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
I128N	-	-	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
R139P	-	-	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
T151A	-	-	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
G157T	-	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
I173N	-	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
I178T	-	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
T119S	-	-	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
S144G	-	affects protein function	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
S31T	-	-	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
N128I	-	-	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
A217V	-	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
E106A	-	-	Escherichia coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
E184D	-	-	Escherichia coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
G53V	-	constitutive activation of the PmrA regulon, deleterious	Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli	colistinpolymyxin b	Reslit	Candidate
S39I	TCA->ATA	Target modification	E. coli, Escherichia coli	colistin	ReslitResFinder Database	Candidate
R81S	-	Target modification	E. coli, Escherichia coli	colistin	ReslitResFinder Database	Candidate
E218K	-	-	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
G53A	-	constitutive activation of PmrA or PmrB, subsequent overexpression of LPS modifying enzymes and thus colistin resistance	Enterobacterales, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp.	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
I235T	-	-	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
A444V	-	-	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
G54E	GGT->GAG	altered phosphorylation	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
G35D	-	mutant PmrB results in coresistance to aminoglycosides and colistin	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	polymyxin b	Reslit	Candidate
S64T	-	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
T89S	-	-	Salmonella spp.	polymyxin b\|colistin	Reslit	Candidate
G56E	-	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
M215I	-	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
R138H	-	-	Escherichia coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
P102R	C306G	mutated pmrA gene leads to increased colistin resistance, altered phosphorylation	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
D82N	-	-	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
G114D	-	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
G123D	-	-	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
D86E	-	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
S53G	-	-	Escherichia coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
E123K	-	-	-	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
E8D	GAG->GAT	constitutive expression of pmrA that leads to the up-regulation of the pmrCAB operon, and subsequent synthesis and addition of PEtN to the 4′-phosphate or 1′-phosphate of lipid A, two-component system response regulator PmrA	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	ReslitReference Gene Catalog	Candidate
I13M	C40G	mutated pmrA gene leads to increased colistin resistance, slowed phosphorylation	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
K172I	-	-	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
D10N	G30A	disrupted phosphorylation	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
L63H	-	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
D177E	-	strain-specific and were considered as mutations affecting protein function	Enterobacter hormaechei	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
L72F	-	-	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
S42N	-	two-component system response regulator PmrA	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reference Gene Catalog	Candidate
-	C-28T	-	-	ciprofloxacin	Reslit	Candidate
-	C374T	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
-	G405A	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate

Allele Variants3

Allele	Database	Papers	Drug Classes	Organisms	Countries	Years	Sequence Accession	Protein Accession
PmrA	Card DatabaseReference Gene Catalog	3	QUINOLONE	Streptococcus pneumoniae GA19690 +1	-	2001	AGQK01000002.1	EHE72460.1
pmrA	Card Database	1	-	Streptococcus pneumoniae R6	-	-	AE007317.1	AAK99679.1
pmr	Reslit	1	colistin	Escherichia coli	India	2025	JBIPQV000000000	-

Papers86

PMID N/A

Gene Information

Gene Name: pmrA
Allele: PmrA
Encodes: multidrug efflux MFS transporter PmrA
Source Database: Reference Gene Catalog
Confers Resistance To: QUINOLONE
Organisms Tested In: • Streptococcus pneumoniae GA19690
Sequence Accession: AGQK01000002.1
Protein Accession: EHE72460.1

PMID N/A

Gene Information

Gene Name: pmrA
Allele: pmrA
Encodes: major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump
Source Database: Card Database
Mechanism: antibiotic efflux
Organisms Tested In: • Streptococcus pneumoniae R6
Sequence Accession: AE007317.1
Protein Accession: AAK99679.1
Notes: ARO:3000822

Genome of the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae strain R6.

PMID 11544234 · 2001

Gene Information

Gene Name: pmrA
Allele: PmrA
Encodes: multidrug efflux MFS transporter PmrA
Source Database: Reference Gene Catalog
Mechanism: antibiotic efflux
Confers Resistance To: QUINOLONE
Organisms Tested In: • Streptococcus pneumoniae R6
Sequence Accession: AE007317.1
Protein Accession: AAK99679.1
Notes: ARO:3000822

Genome of the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae strain R6.

PMID 11544234 · 2001

Gene Information

Gene Name: pmrA
Allele: PmrA
Encodes: multidrug efflux MFS transporter PmrA
Source Database: Card Database
Mechanism: antibiotic efflux
Confers Resistance To: QUINOLONE
Organisms Tested In: • Streptococcus pneumoniae R6
Sequence Accession: AE007317.1
Protein Accession: AAK99679.1
Notes: ARO:3000822

Genomic characterization and comparative analysis of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli ST361 from urban wetland.

PMID 41455885 · 2025

The study identifies multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli ST361 from urban wetlands in India, highlighting the presence of resistance genes such as pmr, tolC, acr, and sul2, which confer resistance to polymyxins, beta-lactams, sulfonamides, and other antibiotics.

Gene Information

Gene Name: pmrA
Allele: pmr
Encodes: polymyxin resistance
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: colistin
Organisms Tested In: • Escherichia coli
Geographic Location: India
Validation Method: whole genome sequencing
Sequence Accession: JBIPQV000000000

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Mutations

Protein Change	Nucleotide Change	Mechanism	Organism	Resistance To	Database	Validation Status
P102H	-	constitutive activation	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistinpolymyxin bpolymyxins	Reslit	Candidate
M12I	-	The mutation in pmrA (M12I) leads to constitutive activation of the PmrAB two-component system, resulting in increased expression of the pmrCAB operon and resistance to polymyxin B., associated with HR to colistin, two-component system response regulator PmrA	Acinetobacter baumannii	polymyxin bcolistin	ReslitReference Gene Catalog	Candidate
H499R	-	The mutation in pmrA (H499R) leads to constitutive activation of the PmrAB two-component system, resulting in increased expression of the pmrCAB operon and resistance to polymyxin B.	Acinetobacter baumannii	polymyxin b	Reslit	Candidate
R81H	-	confirmed by complementation experiments, two-component system response regulator PmrA	Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli	polymyxin b\|colistinpolymyxinscolistin	ReslitReference Gene Catalog	Candidate
R81C	-	two-component system response regulator PmrA	Salmonella enterica	polymyxin b\|colistincolistin	ReslitReference Gene Catalog	Candidate
G15R	-	affects protein function, Target modification, two-component system response regulator PmrA	Salmonella enterica, E. coli	polymyxin b\|colistincolistin	ReslitResFinder DatabaseReference Gene Catalog	Candidate
G53E	-	mutant confers resistance to colistin, Target modification, two-component system response regulator PmrA	Salmonella enterica	polymyxin b\|colistincolistinpolymyxins	ReslitResFinder DatabaseReference Gene Catalog	Candidate
G53R	-	affects protein function, predicted to affect the function of PmrB based on SIFT score (<0.05), Target modification, two-component system response regulator PmrA	Salmonella enterica, Klebsiella aerogenes, E. coli, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae	polymyxin b\|colistincolistinpolymyxin b	ReslitResFinder DatabaseReference Gene Catalog	Candidate
A80V	-	-	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
E123D	-	predicted to affect the function of proteins encoded by these genes	Escherichia coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
L157Q	-	two-component system response regulator PmrA	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	colistin	ReslitReference Gene Catalog	Candidate
L105P	-	activates eptA and arnT	Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
L71R	C212G	mutated form of pmrA confers resistance to aminoglycosides, activated	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	gentamicin\|amikacinpolymyxinstobramycin+1 more	Reslit	Candidate
G423C	-	mutated form of pmrB confers resistance to aminoglycosides	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	gentamicin\|amikacin	Reslit	Candidate
G144S	-	-	Escherichia coli, E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
A41T	-	predicted to modify protein function by PROVEAN analysis	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
G53C	-	two-component system response regulator PmrA	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	ReslitReference Gene Catalog	Candidate
G53S	-	two-component system response regulator PmrA	Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli	colistinpolymyxins	ReslitReference Gene Catalog	Candidate
S29G	-	-	E. coli, Escherichia coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
T31S	-	-	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
T79A	-	-	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
T85A	-	-	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
L116V	-	-	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
R118F	-	-	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
E126K	-	-	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
I128N	-	-	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
R139P	-	-	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
T151A	-	-	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
G157T	-	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
I173N	-	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
I178T	-	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
T119S	-	-	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
S144G	-	affects protein function	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
S31T	-	-	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
N128I	-	-	E. coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
A217V	-	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
E106A	-	-	Escherichia coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
E184D	-	-	Escherichia coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
G53V	-	constitutive activation of the PmrA regulon, deleterious	Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli	colistinpolymyxin b	Reslit	Candidate
S39I	TCA->ATA	Target modification	E. coli, Escherichia coli	colistin	ReslitResFinder Database	Candidate
R81S	-	Target modification	E. coli, Escherichia coli	colistin	ReslitResFinder Database	Candidate
E218K	-	-	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
G53A	-	constitutive activation of PmrA or PmrB, subsequent overexpression of LPS modifying enzymes and thus colistin resistance	Enterobacterales, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp.	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
I235T	-	-	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
A444V	-	-	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
G54E	GGT->GAG	altered phosphorylation	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
G35D	-	mutant PmrB results in coresistance to aminoglycosides and colistin	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	polymyxin b	Reslit	Candidate
S64T	-	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
T89S	-	-	Salmonella spp.	polymyxin b\|colistin	Reslit	Candidate
G56E	-	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
M215I	-	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
R138H	-	-	Escherichia coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
P102R	C306G	mutated pmrA gene leads to increased colistin resistance, altered phosphorylation	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
D82N	-	-	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
G114D	-	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
G123D	-	-	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
D86E	-	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
S53G	-	-	Escherichia coli	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
E123K	-	-	-	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
E8D	GAG->GAT	constitutive expression of pmrA that leads to the up-regulation of the pmrCAB operon, and subsequent synthesis and addition of PEtN to the 4′-phosphate or 1′-phosphate of lipid A, two-component system response regulator PmrA	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	ReslitReference Gene Catalog	Candidate
I13M	C40G	mutated pmrA gene leads to increased colistin resistance, slowed phosphorylation	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
K172I	-	-	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
D10N	G30A	disrupted phosphorylation	Acinetobacter baumannii	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
L63H	-	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
D177E	-	strain-specific and were considered as mutations affecting protein function	Enterobacter hormaechei	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
L72F	-	-	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
S42N	-	two-component system response regulator PmrA	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reference Gene Catalog	Candidate
-	C-28T	-	-	ciprofloxacin	Reslit	Candidate
-	C374T	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate
-	G405A	-	Klebsiella pneumoniae	colistin	Reslit	Candidate

Allele

Database

Papers

Drug Classes

Organisms

Countries

Years

Sequence Accession

Protein Accession

PmrA

Card DatabaseReference Gene Catalog

QUINOLONE

Streptococcus pneumoniae GA19690 +1

2001

AGQK01000002.1

EHE72460.1

pmrA

Card Database

Streptococcus pneumoniae R6

AE007317.1

AAK99679.1

pmr

Reslit

colistin

Escherichia coli

India

2025

JBIPQV000000000

pmrA

Mutations

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pmrA

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