Browse AMR Genes
Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature
Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature
major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump
Overview
| Allele | Database | Papers | Drug Classes | Organisms | Countries | Years | Sequence Accession | Protein Accession |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| qacA | Card DatabaseReslit | 2 | tigecycline, linezolid +9 | Staphylococcus aureus +1 | Venezuela | 2020 | AB566411.1 | BAJ09383.1 |
| qacA/B | Reslit | 30 | benzalkonium chloride, quaternary ammonium compounds +5 | Staphylococcus aureus +22 | Norway, Japan, Virginia, United States, Massachusetts, USA, Texas, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, Fort Benning, Georgia, Turkey, Peru, global, Brazil, Egypt, Finland|U.S.A.|North U.K.|South-East U.K.|Germany, China, East London|West London, India, South Korea, Chennai, Iran | 2002, 2005, 2006, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 | AF426833|AF426834|AF426835 | - |
| qacA/qacB | Reslit | 1 | quaternary ammonium compounds | Staphylococcus epidermidis | - | 2023 | PRJNA906272 | - |
Frequency of disinfectant resistance genes and genetic linkage with beta-lactamase transposon Tn552 among clinical staphylococci.
The study identifies the presence of disinfectant resistance genes qacA/B and beta-lactamase gene blaZ in clinical staphylococci, highlighting their genetic linkage with the transposon Tn552. It also reports the presence of the tetracycline resistance gene tetK in these isolates.
Widespread distribution of disinfectant resistance genes among staphylococci of bovine and caprine origin in Norway.
The study identifies the widespread distribution of QAC resistance genes (qacA/B, smr, qacG, and qacJ) among staphylococci from bovine and caprine sources in Norway, highlighting the role of plasmids in the dissemination of these resistance determinants.
Antimicrobial agent of susceptibilities and antiseptic resistance gene distribution among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients with impetigo and staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome.
The study found that the qacA/B gene, which confers resistance to cationic antiseptic agents, was less prevalent in MRSA isolates from patients with impetigo and SSSS compared to those from other diseases.
Chlorhexidine gluconate reduces transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 among Marine recruits.
The study found that chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) reduced the transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 among Marine recruits. Additionally, the qacA/B and smr genes were associated with CHG resistance in some MRSA isolates.
Mupirocin and chlorhexidine resistance in Staphylococcus aureus in patients with community-onset skin and soft tissue infections.
The study identified mupA as the gene responsible for high-level mupirocin resistance and qacA/B as the genes responsible for chlorhexidine resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.
Detection of benzalkonium chloride resistance in community environmental isolates of staphylococci.
The study identified several qac genes (qacA/B, qacC, qacG, qacH, and qacJ) associated with benzalkonium chloride (BC) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) resistance in community environmental isolates of staphylococci.
Prevalence of chlorhexidine-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus following prolonged exposure.
The study identified qacA/B genes as the primary determinant of chlorhexidine resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates, with low prevalence observed in clinical and colonizing isolates.
Clinical and Molecular Features of Decreased Chlorhexidine Susceptibility among Nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus Isolates at Texas Children's Hospital.
The study identified the presence of smr and qacA/B genes in nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus isolates, which are associated with decreased chlorhexidine susceptibility. These genes encode multidrug efflux pumps that contribute to antiseptic tolerance.
Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in the neonatal intensive care unit: an infection prevention and patient safety challenge.
The study identified mupA and qacA/B genes as markers for mupirocin and chlorhexidine resistance in MRSA strains isolated from NICU patients.
High occurrence of high-level mupirocin & chlorhexidine resistant genes in methicillin resistant staphylococcal isolates from dialysis unit of a tertiary care hospital.
The study identified high-level mupirocin resistance (HLMR) due to the mupA gene and chlorhexidine resistance via qacA/B genes in methicillin-resistant staphylococcal isolates from a dialysis unit.
Genomic Characterization of USA300 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to Evaluate Intraclass Transmission and Recurrence of Skin and Soft Tissue Infection (SSTI) Among High-Risk Military Trainees.
The study identified mupA and qacA/B genes associated with mupirocin and chlorhexidine resistance in USA300 MRSA isolates from military trainees.
Frequency of antiseptic resistance genes in clinical staphycocci and enterococci isolates in Turkey.
The study identified the presence of antiseptic resistance genes qacA/B, smr, qacG, and qacJ in clinical staphylococcal isolates, with a high frequency of these genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci compared to Staphylococcus aureus. These genes were associated with increased MIC values for benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine digluconate.
Prevalence of Nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in 4 cities in Peru.
The study identified qacA/B genes in MRSA isolates, which confer chlorhexidine tolerance.
Inhibitory effects of silybin on the efflux pump of methicillin‑resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Silybin inhibits the efflux pump of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by reducing the expression of norA and qacA/B genes, which are responsible for resistance to ciprofloxacin and benzalkonium chloride, respectively.
Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococci of Animal Origin
The paper discusses various antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in staphylococci of animal origin, highlighting their roles in resistance to multiple antibiotics such as macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, oxazolidinones, and others. Key genes include erm, msr, mph, ere, lnu, vga, cfr, optrA, dfr, fus, ileS2, blaZ, aadD, ble, fosD, fosB, czrC, and qac genes, which confer resistance to specific antibiotics and are prevalent in different staphylococcal species.
Decreased susceptibility to chlorhexidine and distribution of qacA/B genes among coagulase-negative Staphylococcus clinical samples.
The study found that 31% of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates exhibited reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine, and the qacA/B genes were detected in both resistant and susceptible strains, indicating that the presence of these genes does not necessarily correlate with chlorhexidine resistance.
The occurrence of disinfectant and antibiotic-resistant genes in Escherichia coli isolated from chickens in Egypt.
The study identified the presence of tetracycline resistance gene tetA, and disinfectant resistance genes qacED1 and qacA/B in E. coli isolates from chickens in Egypt.
Genetic resistance determinants to fusidic acid and chlorhexidine in variably susceptible staphylococci from dogs.
The study identified fusA mutations, fusB, and fusC as resistance determinants for fusidic acid in canine-derived staphylococci. Additionally, qacA/B and smr were found to be associated with chlorhexidine resistance.
Antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence determinants profiles and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates in Wenzhou, eastern China.
The study identified the presence of mecA, mupA, and qacA/B genes in Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates, which confer resistance to methicillin, mupirocin, and chlorhexidine, respectively. These genes were found in both clinical and colonized isolates, highlighting their importance in antimicrobial resistance.
Whole genome sequencing revealed new molecular characteristics in multidrug resistant staphylococci recovered from high frequency touched surfaces in London.
The study identified several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant staphylococci from high-frequency touched surfaces in London, including blaZ, qacA/B, dfrC, norA, ant(4')-Ib, AAC(6')-Ie-APH(2")-Ia, fusB, msrA, ermC, mphC, tetK, mupA, cat, dfrG, lnuA, fusC, aph3-IIIa, sat4A, vgaA, and others. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillin, fusidic acid, mupirocin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol.
Antibiotic Susceptibility, Virulence Pattern, and Typing of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated From Variety of Infections in India.
The study identified various AMR genes in S. aureus isolates, including mecA, pvl, czrC, qacA/B, aac(6')/aph(2), aph(3'-III), msrA, ermA, ermC, mphC, tetK, tetL, tetM, cat::pC221, cat::pC223, cat::pC194, dfrA, dfrB, and dfrG, which confer resistance to multiple antibiotics such as oxacillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim.
Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Nocardia Species Isolated from the Soil; A Comparison with Species Isolated from Humans.
The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in Nocardia species isolated from soil, including beta-lactamase, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, macrolide resistance genes, chloramphenicol resistance proteins, vancomycin resistance, and multidrug efflux pumps. Some soil N. cyriacigeorgica strains exhibited distinct genetic profiles suggesting possible new subspecies or species.
Benzalkonium Chloride Resistance in Staphylococcus epidermidis on the Ocular Surface of Glaucoma Patients Under Long-Term Administration of Eye Drops.
The study identifies qacA/B and qacC/smr efflux pump genes as contributors to benzalkonium chloride resistance in Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from glaucoma patients using long-term eye drops.
Analysis of Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Carriage in Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Equids Using Whole-Genome Sequencing.
The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from equids, including blaZ, mupA, lnuA, tetK, tetL, tetM, norA, dfrC, dfrG, dfrK, ermA, ermC, msrA, mphC, qacA/B, qacC, and fosB. An isolate (17-021) was found to carry the lnuA gene and mupA plasmid, conferring resistance to clindamycin and mupirocin. A mutation in the prs gene was associated with phenotypic susceptibility to β-lactam drugs in a mecA-positive isolate.
Clinical impact of and microbiological risk factors for qacA/B positivity in ICU-acquired ST5-methicillin-resistant SCCmec type II Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.
The study identifies qacA/B as a gene associated with chlorhexidine tolerance in ST5-MRSA-II, highlighting its role in clinical outcomes and resistance mechanisms.
Chronic wound microenvironment mediates selection of biofilm-forming multi drug resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis with capability to impair healing.
The study identifies mecA and mupA as key antimicrobial resistance genes in chronic wound isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis, along with qacA/qacB for resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds.
Antiseptics and mupirocin resistance in clinical, environmental, and colonizing coagulase negative Staphylococcus isolates.
The study identified several antiseptic resistance genes (qacA/B, smr, qacG, qacH, qacJ), mupirocin resistance genes (mupA, mupB), and methicillin resistance gene (mecA) in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) isolates. High prevalence of antiseptic resistance was observed in CoNS isolates from healthcare workers, while antibiotic resistance was more prevalent in clinical infection samples.
Distribution of chlorhexidine resistance genes among Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates: the challenge of antiseptic resistance.
The study identified qacA/B and smr genes as significant contributors to chlorhexidine resistance in Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates, with higher prevalence among MRSA strains.
Characterization of Chlorhexidine Resistance Among Clinical Isolates of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus Species in a Tertiary Care Center, Chennai.
The study identified qacA/B and smr genes as mediators of chlorhexidine resistance in CoNS isolates, with 34.5% of isolates carrying these genes. A significant association was found between the presence of these genes and reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine.
ADME/Tox study and the effect of β-Caryophyllene on the resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus carrying the QacA/B efflux pump gene.
β-Caryophyllene enhances the action of ampicillin against S. aureus by inhibiting the QacA/B efflux pump, suggesting its potential as an adjuvant in treating antibiotic-resistant infections.
Antimicrobial resistance and virulence gene patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in infectious mastitis: implications for inflammatory myopathies of the lactating breast.
The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from lactating patients with infectious mastitis, including aac(6')/aph(2"), blaZ, mecA, aph(3')-III, and qacA/B. These genes were associated with resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillin G, erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline.
Antimicrobials Resistance Profiling and Clonal Lineages of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Cockroaches in University-Affiliated Hospitals, 2023.
The study identified several aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(6')-Ie+aph(2"), ant(4')-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia) and quaternary ammonium compound resistance genes (qacA/B, qacC, qacD, smr) in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cockroaches in hospital environments. Additionally, the vanA gene was detected in one isolate, indicating vancomycin resistance.
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