Browse AMR Genes
Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature
Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature
small multidrug resistance (SMR) protein
Overview
| Allele | Database | Papers | Drug Classes | Organisms | Countries | Years | Sequence Accession | Protein Accession |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| qacC | Reslit | 19 | beta lactams, ethidium bromide +3 | Staphylococcus epidermidis +12 | Germany|United Kingdom|Ireland|France|Malta|Abu Dhabi|Hong Kong|Australia|Trinidad & Tobago|United States|Italy|Spain|Portugal|Switzerland|Canada|Middle East|USA|Asia|UK, Massachusetts, USA, Kuwait, Republic of Suriname, Italy, Brazil, United States, Benin, Egypt, Canterbury, New Zealand, Malaysia, Southeast Nigeria|Nigeria, Iran | 2005, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 | AY092027 | - |
| qacC/D | Reslit | 1 | quaternary ammonium compounds | Staphylococcus aureus | global | 2023 | - | - |
| qacC/smr | Reslit | 1 | benzalkonium chloride | Staphylococcus epidermidis | Japan | 2020 | MN708705|MN708706 | - |
The product of the qacC gene of Staphylococcus epidermidis CH mediates resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
The qacC gene from Staphylococcus epidermidis CH confers resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and ethidium bromide in both its natural host and in Gram-negative bacteria like E. coli and S. Typhimurium.
A field guide to pandemic, epidemic and sporadic clones of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
The study characterizes various methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clones, highlighting their antimicrobial resistance and virulence-associated markers, with a focus on SCC mec types and PVL status.
Evaluation of reduced susceptibility to quaternary ammonium compounds and bisbiguanides in clinical isolates and laboratory-generated mutants of Staphylococcus aureus.
Detection of benzalkonium chloride resistance in community environmental isolates of staphylococci.
The study identified several qac genes (qacA/B, qacC, qacG, qacH, and qacJ) associated with benzalkonium chloride (BC) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) resistance in community environmental isolates of staphylococci.
Shifts in the Clonal Distribution of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Kuwait Hospitals: 1992-2010.
The study identified various AMR genes in MRSA isolates from Kuwait hospitals, including aphA3, aacA-aphD, ermA, ermC, mupA, tetK, tetM, fusC, far1, msrA, mphC, sat, qacA, qacC, merA, merB, dfrS1, aadD, fosB, cat, sdrM, icaA, icaC, and icaD, which conferred resistance to multiple antibiotics.
Complete-genome sequencing elucidates outbreak dynamics of CA-MRSA USA300 (ST8-spa t008) in an academic hospital of Paramaribo, Republic of Suriname.
The study identified several AMR genes, including ermC, dfrG, and qacC, which confer resistance to erythromycin, trimethoprim, and quaternary ammonium compounds, respectively, in MRSA USA300 isolates from Suriname.
Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococci of Animal Origin
The paper discusses various antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in staphylococci of animal origin, highlighting their roles in resistance to multiple antibiotics such as macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, oxazolidinones, and others. Key genes include erm, msr, mph, ere, lnu, vga, cfr, optrA, dfr, fus, ileS2, blaZ, aadD, ble, fosD, fosB, czrC, and qac genes, which confer resistance to specific antibiotics and are prevalent in different staphylococcal species.
Occurrence and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in successive parturitions of bitches and their puppies in two kennels in Italy.
The study identified multiple methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) strains in two Italian kennels, highlighting the presence of various resistance mechanisms including beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, macrolide, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol resistance genes.
Systematic Analysis of Efflux Pump-Mediated Antiseptic Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Suggests a Need for Greater Antiseptic Stewardship.
The study identified norA, qacA, and qacC as key efflux pumps contributing to antiseptic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. These genes conferred resistance to multiple antiseptics, including chlorhexidine, benzalkonium chloride, cetrimide, pentamidine isethionate, and ethidium bromide. The research highlights the importance of these efflux pumps in antiseptic resistance and suggests that their cooperative action may exacerbate resistance when exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of antiseptics.
Characteristics of oral methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from dental plaque.
The study identified multiple AMR genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) isolates from dental plaque, including mecA, dfrA, dfrG, aacA-aphD, aadD, aphA3, ermC, msrA, tetK, norA, qacA, and qacC. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as oxacillin, penicillin G, trimethoprim, gentamicin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and quaternary ammonium compounds.
Benzalkonium Chloride Resistance in Staphylococcus epidermidis on the Ocular Surface of Glaucoma Patients Under Long-Term Administration of Eye Drops.
The study identifies qacA/B and qacC/smr efflux pump genes as contributors to benzalkonium chloride resistance in Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from glaucoma patients using long-term eye drops.
Susceptibility to chlorhexidine and mupirocin among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates from a teaching hospital.
The study identified mupA and qacA/qacC genes as mediators of mupirocin and chlorhexidine resistance in MRSA isolates, highlighting the potential for plasmid-mediated spread of these resistance mechanisms.
Chemical composition and potentiating action of Norfloxacin mediated by the essential oil of Piper caldense C.D.C. against Staphylococcus aureus strains overexpressing efflux pump genes.
The essential oil of Piper caldense (EOPC) was found to potentiate the activity of Norfloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus strains overexpressing efflux pump genes norA, mepA, and qacC. EOPC inhibited the efflux pumps NorA, MepA, and QacC, thereby reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Norfloxacin and Ethidium Bromide.
Analysis of Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Carriage in Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Equids Using Whole-Genome Sequencing.
The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from equids, including blaZ, mupA, lnuA, tetK, tetL, tetM, norA, dfrC, dfrG, dfrK, ermA, ermC, msrA, mphC, qacA/B, qacC, and fosB. An isolate (17-021) was found to carry the lnuA gene and mupA plasmid, conferring resistance to clindamycin and mupirocin. A mutation in the prs gene was associated with phenotypic susceptibility to β-lactam drugs in a mecA-positive isolate.
Impact of benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and chloroxylenol on bacterial antimicrobial resistance.
The review analyzed the impact of benzalkonium chloride (BKC), benzethonium chloride (BZT), and chloroxylenol (CHO) on bacterial antimicrobial resistance. It found that BKC exposure can lead to increased minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and changes in antibiotic susceptibility profiles, often associated with efflux pump activation. However, the clinical relevance of these findings was not well established, and the review highlighted the need for further research on the role of these biocides in antimicrobial resistance.
Whole-Genome Sequencing-Based Screening of MRSA in Patients and Healthcare Workers in Public Hospitals in Benin.
The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in MRSA isolates from Benin, including mecA, aac(6')-Ie/aph(2")-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, blaI, blaR1, blaZ, mecI, mecR1, fosB, erm(C), mph(C), msr(A), qacC, dfrG, and dfrS1, along with mutations in glpT, murA, gyrA, and parC associated with resistance to various antibiotics.
Resistome, mobilome, and virulome explored in clinical isolates derived from acne patients in Egypt: unveiling unique traits of an emerging coagulase-negative Staphylococcus pathogen.
The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolates from acne patients in Egypt, including blaZ, mecA, tet(K), erm(C), lnuA, vgaA, dfrC, fusB, fosBx1, norA, and vanT. These genes were found to be located on plasmids and chromosomes, indicating a multidrug-resistant profile.
Zoonotic transmission of asymptomatic carriage Staphylococcus aureus on dairy farms in Canterbury, New Zealand.
The study identified a bovine isolate carrying the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase gene blaTEM-116, highlighting concerns about antimicrobial resistance in dairy farm environments. Multiple antimicrobial resistance genes were detected in both bovine and human isolates, including genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines, penicillins, fosfomycin, and aminoglycosides.
Genomic characterisation of nasal isolates of coagulase-negative Staphylococci from healthy medical students reveals novel Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec elements.
The study identified novel Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC mec ) elements in four methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) isolates from healthy medical students. The isolates harbored various antimicrobial resistance genes, including mecA, blaZ, mphC, msrA, tetK, fusC, fusF, qacA, qacB, qacC, norA, copB, arsC, cadC, cadD, copZ, copA, copR, and czcD, which conferred resistance to beta-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, fusidic acid, quaternary ammonium compounds, fluoroquinolones, and heavy metals.
Molecular Epidemiology, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Virulence Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus from Fish, Aquatic Environments, and Fish Handlers in Southeast Nigeria.
The study identified 19 antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from fish, aquatic environments, and fish handlers in Southeast Nigeria, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains with various resistance mechanisms.
Antimicrobials Resistance Profiling and Clonal Lineages of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Cockroaches in University-Affiliated Hospitals, 2023.
The study identified several aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(6')-Ie+aph(2"), ant(4')-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia) and quaternary ammonium compound resistance genes (qacA/B, qacC, qacD, smr) in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cockroaches in hospital environments. Additionally, the vanA gene was detected in one isolate, indicating vancomycin resistance.
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