The qnr gene, located on plasmid pMG252, was found to confer low-level quinolone resistance in a clinical isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The gene was not prevalent in the majority of tested strains.

The study identifies the qnr gene as a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates in the United States, demonstrating its role in transferring quinolone resistance via conjugation.

The study reports the first detection of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Europe, identifying a qnr gene in an E. coli isolate that conferred low-level resistance to quinolones and was associated with a chromosomal mutation in the topoisomerase II gene.

The study identifies the plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance protein Qnr, which protects Escherichia coli DNA gyrase from quinolone inhibition, providing a biochemical basis for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance.

The qnr gene was detected in two clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from Korea, indicating the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium isolates from humans in France, including bla PSE-1, bla TEM, bla OXA-30, and qnrA, as well as mutations in gyrA conferring resistance to ciprofloxacin.

The study identifies the qnrA1 gene as a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene in Enterobacter cloacae, which was responsible for an outbreak in a Dutch hospital.

The study identified qnrA-positive isolates among Enterobacteriaceae, primarily Enterobacter cloacae, which exhibited resistance to quinolones.

The study identified the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS among clinical isolates of Enterobacter cloacae in a Taiwanese hospital, highlighting the significant role of these genes in quinolone resistance.

The study identified the presence of the qnr gene in a ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli isolate from Brazil, indicating the emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in the region.

The study identified the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant qnrA1 in clinical isolates and showed that its expression level affects ciprofloxacin resistance. Additionally, the coexistence of qnrA1 and aac(6')-Ib-cr in plasmids contributes to varying levels of ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study identifies blaVEB-1 and qnrA1 as plasmid-mediated resistance genes contributing to beta-lactam and quinolone resistance in various enterobacterial species.

The study identified the presence of qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS genes in ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from pediatric patients in China, demonstrating plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance.

The study identifies a plasmid-borne qnrA3 gene from Shewanella algae that confers quinolone resistance and can be transferred between Klebsiella pneumoniae and Kluyvera ascorbata in vivo.

The study identifies a chromosomally encoded qnr gene (smqnr) in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, which confers low-level quinolone resistance when expressed in E. coli.

The study identified the high prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes qnr and aac(6′)-Ib-cr in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from nine teaching hospitals in China.

The study identifies the qnrA1 gene as a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant in Escherichia coli, contributing to reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.

The study identifies qnrA and qnrS genes as the primary plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants in nonclassical quinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica strains, which confer reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin without mutations in topoisomerase genes.

The study identified that low-level resistance to fluoroquinolones mediated by qnrA1, qnrS1, or a gyrA mutation reduces the bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin in a murine model of urinary tract infection.

The paper discusses plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) mechanisms, focusing on qnr genes and other resistance determinants like aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxAB, and qepA. These genes confer low-level resistance to quinolones, facilitating the selection of higher-level resistant mutants.

The study identifies three CTX-M-producing non-Typhi Salmonella isolates in the United States carrying blaCTX-M-5, blaCTX-M-15, and blaCTX-M-55/57 genes, along with qnrA1, which contribute to resistance against extended-spectrum cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones.

The study reports the emergence of NDM-1-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Belgium, highlighting the presence of multiple resistance mechanisms including blaNDM-1, qnrA6, qnrB1, qnrB2, and various beta-lactamases, rRNA methylases, and quinolone resistance genes.

The study identified several plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants, including qnrA1, qnrB1, qnrB2, qnrB4, qnrB10, and a newly discovered qnrB24, in Citrobacter freundii isolates from Anhui province, PR China.

The study identified plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes qnrA1, qnrB1, and aac(6')-1b-cr in a multidrug-resistant isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae from Chennai, highlighting their role in resistance to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin.

The study identifies qnrA1 as a plasmid-borne quinolone resistance gene and a common gyrA mutation (Ser83Leu) as mechanisms of quinolone resistance in ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the Central African Republic.

The study shows that the plasmidic qnrA3 gene enhances the fitness of Escherichia coli in the absence of antibiotic exposure, indicating a potential regulatory role of qnr genes beyond direct antibiotic resistance.

The study identified qnrA1, qnrB4, and qnrS1 as plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae, with qnrB4 being the most prevalent subtype. These genes were associated with increased resistance to quinolones and often co-existed with extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and AmpC beta-lactamases.

The study characterizes multiple AMR genes and mutations in Acinetobacter spp., including OXA-type carbapenemases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, and fluoroquinolone resistance genes, highlighting the increasing challenge of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter infections.

This paper characterizes several beta-lactamases, including TEM-1, SHV-1, CTX-M-15, and NDM-1, which confer resistance to various beta-lactam antibiotics. It also identifies erm(B) and mef(A) as mechanisms of macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B resistance. Additionally, aadA1 and aac(6')-Ib are noted for aminoglycoside resistance, while catA1 and floR contribute to chloramphenicol resistance. The vanA gene is associated with glycopeptide resistance, and mcr-1 is linked to polymyxin resistance.

This paper characterizes several beta-lactamases, including TEM-1, SHV-1, CTX-M-15, and NDM-1, which confer resistance to various beta-lactam antibiotics. It also identifies erm(B) and mef(A) as mechanisms of macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B resistance. Additionally, aadA1 and aac(6')-Ib are noted for aminoglycoside resistance, while catA1 and floR contribute to chloramphenicol resistance. The vanA gene is associated with glycopeptide resistance, and mcr-1 is linked to polymyxin resistance.

This paper characterizes several beta-lactamases, including TEM-1, SHV-1, CTX-M-15, and NDM-1, which confer resistance to various beta-lactam antibiotics. It also identifies erm(B) and mef(A) as mechanisms of macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B resistance. Additionally, aadA1 and aac(6')-Ib are noted for aminoglycoside resistance, while catA1 and floR contribute to chloramphenicol resistance. The vanA gene is associated with glycopeptide resistance, and mcr-1 is linked to polymyxin resistance.

This paper characterizes several beta-lactamases, including TEM-1, SHV-1, CTX-M-15, and NDM-1, which confer resistance to various beta-lactam antibiotics. It also identifies erm(B) and mef(A) as mechanisms of macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B resistance. Additionally, aadA1 and aac(6')-Ib are noted for aminoglycoside resistance, while catA1 and floR contribute to chloramphenicol resistance. The vanA gene is associated with glycopeptide resistance, and mcr-1 is linked to polymyxin resistance.

This paper characterizes several beta-lactamases, including TEM-1, SHV-1, CTX-M-15, and NDM-1, which confer resistance to various beta-lactam antibiotics. It also identifies erm(B) and mef(A) as mechanisms of macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B resistance. Additionally, aadA1 and aac(6')-Ib are noted for aminoglycoside resistance, while catA1 and floR contribute to chloramphenicol resistance. The vanA gene is associated with glycopeptide resistance, and mcr-1 is linked to polymyxin resistance.

This paper characterizes several beta-lactamases, including TEM-1, SHV-1, CTX-M-15, and NDM-1, which confer resistance to various beta-lactam antibiotics. It also identifies erm(B) and mef(A) as mechanisms of macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B resistance. Additionally, aadA1 and aac(6')-Ib are noted for aminoglycoside resistance, while catA1 and floR contribute to chloramphenicol resistance. The vanA gene is associated with glycopeptide resistance, and mcr-1 is linked to polymyxin resistance.

This paper characterizes several beta-lactamases, including TEM-1, SHV-1, CTX-M-15, and NDM-1, which confer resistance to various beta-lactam antibiotics. It also identifies erm(B) and mef(A) as mechanisms of macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B resistance. Additionally, aadA1 and aac(6')-Ib are noted for aminoglycoside resistance, while catA1 and floR contribute to chloramphenicol resistance. The vanA gene is associated with glycopeptide resistance, and mcr-1 is linked to polymyxin resistance.

The study identifies blaCMY-16 and qnrA6 as the primary resistance genes in a multidrug-resistant outbreak of Providencia stuartii, highlighting the role of IncA/C plasmids in the dissemination of these genes.

The paper discusses the multidrug-resistant nature of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, highlighting its resistance to various antibiotics including β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and polymyxins. It emphasizes the challenges in treating infections caused by this pathogen due to its intrinsic resistance mechanisms and the need for alternative therapeutic approaches.

The paper discusses the mechanisms of resistance to β-lactams, glycopeptides, and fluoroquinolones, highlighting the role of β-lactamases such as TEM, SHV, CTX-M, KPC, VIM, and NDM, glycopeptide resistance operons like vanA and vanB, and other resistance genes such as ermB, mecA, qnrA, and aac(6')-Ib.

The paper discusses plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) mechanisms, including Qnr proteins, the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase AAC(6′)-Ib-cr, and the efflux pumps QepA and OqxAB. These genes contribute to low-level resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones, and their presence in various bacterial species highlights the role of environmental and animal reservoirs in the dissemination of PMQR.

Chromosomally-encoded qnr genes from S. algae can confer quinolone resistance upon transfer to E. coli without needing additional mutations. The qnrA genes are more stable and less costly in E. coli compared to Sm_qnr, which incurs a high fitness cost.

Chromosomally-encoded qnr genes from S. algae can confer quinolone resistance upon transfer to E. coli without needing additional mutations. The qnrA genes are more stable and less costly in E. coli compared to Sm_qnr, which incurs a high fitness cost.

Chromosomally-encoded qnr genes from S. algae can confer quinolone resistance upon transfer to E. coli without needing additional mutations. The qnrA genes are more stable and less costly in E. coli compared to Sm_qnr, which incurs a high fitness cost.

The study identifies the co-selection of qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS genes in the gut flora of Vietnamese children following antimicrobial therapy, highlighting the role of non-fluoroquinolone antimicrobials in increasing the prevalence and copy number of these plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes.

The study identifies the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnrA1, qnrB1, qnrS1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA4 in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from Egypt, highlighting their association with CTX-M genes.

The study presents a novel computational method using hidden Markov models to identify qnr genes in fragmented nucleotide sequences, successfully discovering novel putative qnr genes in metagenomic data.

The study identified bla CTX-M-15 and bla SHV-12 as the predominant ESBL genes in multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates in Antananarivo, along with other resistance genes such as aac(6')-Ib, tetA, sul1, sul2, qnrA, qnrB, and catB-3.

The study identified aadA1 and qnr as the most prevalent antibiotic resistance genes in UPEC strains, with high resistance to penicillin and tetracycline.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in E. coli isolates from the San Pedro River, including blaTEM, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and tet(B), as well as mutations in gyrA and parC contributing to quinolone resistance.

The study developed a DNA microarray for genotyping antibiotic resistance determinants in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates, identifying numerous resistance genes and mutations associated with carbapenem, aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolone, and other antibiotic resistances.

The study identifies the presence of multiple antibiotic resistance genes in the multidrug-resistant Enterobacter cloacae strain EC_38VIM1, including the metallo-beta-lactamase gene blaVIM-1, aadA1, aacA4, qnrA1, catB2, and dfrB1.

The study identified bla CMY-2 as a common gene conferring ceftriaxone resistance in Salmonella isolates and qnrA1 and qnrB19 as genes contributing to ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study identified novel antimicrobial resistance genes from microbiota on retail spinach, including beta-lactamases, a pentapeptide repeat protein, a penicillin binding protein, and putative dihydrofolate reductase genes, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim.

The study identified qnrA1 and qnrB19 genes as plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants in Salmonella enterica strains from Brazil, along with various mutations in the gyrA gene that contribute to ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study identifies blaKPC-2 and blaKPC-3 as the primary carbapenem resistance genes in KPC-producing Enterobacter isolates, along with various ESBL genes such as blaSHV-5, blaSHV-12, blaSHV-154, blaCTX-M-15, and blaTEM-1. Additionally, plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance genes qnrA and qnrB were detected.

The study identifies the qnrA1 gene as a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant in P. aeruginosa and characterizes mutations in gyrA, gyrB, and parC that contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The paper discusses the various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, efflux pumps, and porin mutations. It highlights the role of specific genes such as bla TEM-24, bla CMY-10, ampC, aac (6')-Ib, aac (6')-Ib-cr, qnrA, qnrS, oqxAB, acrAB-TolC, mcr, bla OXA-1, bla OXA-30, bla CTX-M-15, bla NDM-1, bla VIM, bla KPC, and bla OXA-48 in conferring resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identified plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes such as qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA, along with beta-lactamase-encoding genes like blaTEM, blaPSE-1, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M in non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from humans, a companion animal, and food in Romania.

The study identifies the emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene qnrA2 in ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae in Kuwait, along with the dissemination of qnrB1 and qnrS genes, contributing to increased fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study found that housefly larva vermicomposting significantly reduces the abundance of tetracycline resistance genes (tet(M), tet(O), tet(Q), tet(W)) and increases the abundance of sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2) in swine manure. It also observed changes in the bacterial community structure, with a significant decrease in the diversity and richness of bacteria.

ShortBRED was developed to improve the accuracy and efficiency of profiling antibiotic resistance (AR) protein families in metagenomic data. The study identified tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection proteins and Class A beta-lactamases as the most widely distributed resistance mechanisms globally.

The study identifies mutations in marR and soxR that enhance ciprofloxacin resistance in E. coli with qnrA1 by increasing the expression of efflux pumps. Additionally, mutations in rfaE and rfaD were linked to novobiocin hypersusceptibility, and decreased ompF expression contributed to reduced ciprofloxacin susceptibility.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in K. pneumoniae isolates from food samples, including beta-lactamases (blaSHV, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-10), folate pathway inhibitor gene (dhfr), quinolone resistance genes (qnrB, qnrA, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aacA4, aacC2, aadA1), and mutations in gyrA and parC genes associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified ESBL genes (blaCTX-M, blaOXA, blaSHV, blaTEM), QNR genes (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS), and gyra mutations (Ser83Leu) in ocular Enterobacteriaceae isolates, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance.

The paper discusses various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, including beta-lactamases like blaKPC, blaNDM, blaIMP, and blaVIM, which confer resistance to carbapenems. It also covers aminoglycoside modifying enzymes such as aac(6')-Ib and aac(6')-I, quinolone resistance proteins like qnr, tetracycline resistance genes such as tet(M) and tet(O), macrolide resistance genes like erm, mefA, and mefE, and efflux pump systems like mexAB-oprM and acrAB-tolC.

The study investigated the role of Dam methylation in gene expression and attachment in uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). It found that the qnrA gene contributes to fluoroquinolone resistance in UPEC strains.

The study identified several AMR genes in Gram-negative bacteria from fresh produce, including mcr-1, qnrA1, blaGES-11, mphA, and oqxAB, highlighting the presence of mobile genetic elements and clinically relevant resistance genes.

The study identified various AMR genes including bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-27, bla CMY-2, bla OXA-48, bla NDM-1, qnrB1, qnrS1, and qnrA6 in CTX-R Enterobacteriaceae isolates from ICU patients in Tunisia.

The study evaluates computational methods for predicting antimicrobial resistance profiles from whole genome sequence data, highlighting the importance of beta-lactamases and qnr genes in resistance mechanisms.

The study reports the draft genome sequences of two pandrug-resistant Serratia marcescens clinical isolates carrying multiple antibiotic resistance genes, including blaNDM-1, blaSHV-12, blaTEM-1B, blaCMY-6, sul1, sul2, rmtC, aacA4, aac(6')Ib-c, strA, strB, dfrA18, qnrA1, catA2, aac(6')-Ic, tet(41), and ampC.

The study identified several AMR genes including TEM, SHV, CTX-M, aac(6')-Ib, and qnrA in MDR isolates from bacterial meningitis patients in Egypt.

The study identifies several antibiotic resistance determinants, including QnrA, CTX-M-2, CTX-M-5, and CTX-M-43, as potential vaccine candidates against Acinetobacter baumannii. These genes are predicted to confer resistance to specific antibiotics and are highlighted as possible targets for vaccine development.

The study identifies several antibiotic resistance determinants, including QnrA, CTX-M-2, CTX-M-5, and CTX-M-43, as potential vaccine candidates against Acinetobacter baumannii. These genes are predicted to confer resistance to specific antibiotics and are highlighted as possible targets for vaccine development.

The study characterized IncA/C2 plasmids carrying In809-like integrons from Enterobacteriaceae isolates of wildlife origin, identifying several AMR genes including blaIMP-4, blaIMP-26, blaIMP-38, sul2, floR, aac(3)-IId, qnrA1, arr-3, dfrA12, aphA1, aadA16, aadA2, blaOXA-1, blaTEM-1, and blaDHA-1.

The study identifies 20 putatively novel qnr genes from metagenomic data, with six of them experimentally validated to confer resistance to ciprofloxacin when expressed in E. coli.

The study identified several AMR genes, including bla TEM-1, bla CTX-M-15, aac(6')-Ib, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qnrA, in multidrug-resistant Proteus mirabilis isolates from SouthWest Nigeria.

The study identified several AMR genes in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli isolates from raw chicken and beef meat in northern Egypt, including bla CTX-M, bla TEM, qnr A, and qnr B, which confer resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identifies a novel IncA/C1 conjugative plasmid, pIncAC_KP4898, which carries the blaVIM-1 gene and other resistance genes, mediating carbapenem resistance in ST104 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from neonates in the NICU of V. Monaldi Hospital in Naples.

The study identifies qnrA1 and aac(6')-Ib-cr as plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes that contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Additionally, mutations in ramR and oqxR are shown to upregulate efflux pump production and influence fluoroquinolone susceptibility.

The study identified antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) such as qnrA, sulI, sulII, tetG, tetM, tetO, and intI1 in liquid manure from swine feedlots and their effects on nearby groundwater. These genes were found to be associated with fluoroquinolone, sulfonamide, and tetracycline resistance.

Mutations in gyrA, gyrB, and parC genes were identified as the main mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella isolates from Africa.

The study identifies CTX-M-15-harboring Escherichia coli in wild birds in Tunisia, highlighting the presence of multidrug resistance genes such as bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1b, tetA, qnrA1, qnrB1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aac(3)-II, and sul3.

The study detected antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in bacteriophage particles from the sputum of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, highlighting the role of phages in the dissemination of resistance mechanisms. β-lactamase genes, especially bla VIM and bla TEM, were the most prevalent and abundant, while mecA, qnrA, and qnrS were rare. Phage particles capable of infecting P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae were identified.

The study identified the presence of ESBL genes (SHV, TEM, CTX-M) and PMQR genes (qnrA, qnrB, qepA, oqxB) in Klebsiella pneumonia, Morganella morganii, Leclercia adecarboxylata, and Citrobacter freundii isolated from poultry in South Western Nigeria.

The study identifies plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance (PMFQR) genes such as aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxA, oqxB, qepA, and various qnr alleles in pediatric Enterobacteriaceae isolates, highlighting the role of community environments in the spread of these resistant strains.

The study reports the draft genome sequence of a tigecycline-resistant Enterobacter cloacae ST93 clinical isolate, TREC1, which harbors multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including those encoding resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, fosfomycin, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, phenicols, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and tetracyclines. The isolate is resistant to all antibiotics tested except colistin.

The study predicts 6,095 antibiotic resistance determinants (ARDs) in the human intestinal microbiota using a three-dimensional structure-based method called pairwise comparative modelling (PCM). Experimental validation of 71 predicted ARDs showed that they conferred resistance to various antibiotics, including beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, quinolones, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, fosfomycin, and glycopeptides.

The study identifies plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (qnrB4, qnrA1, qnrB1, and oqxAB) in Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 and ST307 clones, along with chromosomal mutations in gyrA and parC contributing to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study presents fARGene, a method for identifying and reconstructing antibiotic resistance genes from metagenomic data, demonstrating the detection of 221 ARGs, 58 of which were previously unreported, with 81% providing a resistance phenotype in E. coli.

The study developed and validated 85 PCR assays to detect 79 AMR genes and mutations associated with resistance across 10 antimicrobial classes, focusing on E. coli. The assays showed high concordance with sequencing and phenotypic susceptibility testing, demonstrating their potential for AMR surveillance in E. coli isolates and direct stool specimens.

The study identified qnrA and qnrB genes as contributors to ciprofloxacin resistance in E. coli strains from colorectal cancer patients and healthy subjects, while no colistin-resistant strains were found.

The study identified qnrB, qnrS, and qnrA genes in ESBL-producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. in Togo, highlighting their role in quinolone resistance.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in E. coli isolates from patients with diarrhea, including dfrA1, sul1, citm, tetA, and qnr, which contribute to resistance against trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin, respectively.

The study identified various antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in phage particles from meat products and chicken feces, highlighting the potential role of phages in the dissemination of resistance.

The study identified multiple AMR genes, including blaKPC, blaNDM, blaTEM, blaSHV, qnrA, and tolC, in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from humans and animals in Henan, China. These genes were associated with resistance to various antibiotics, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains.

The study identifies a multidrug-resistant E. coli strain carrying both mcr-1 and bla NDM-1, highlighting the co-existence of colistin and carbapenem resistance genes in Vietnam.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in Salmonella isolates from pickled ready-to-eat meat, including qnrB, oqxAB, aac(6')-Ib, and qnrA, as well as mutations in gyrA and parC contributing to quinolone resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in APEC isolates, including beta-lactamases (bla TEM-1, bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15), aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (aac(3)-II), plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (qnrA, qnrS), tetracycline resistance genes (tetA), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul2), and chloramphenicol resistance genes (catA1, cmlA).

The study identified several plasmid-mediated resistance genes in E. coli isolates from healthy and diarrheic sheep and goats, including rmtB, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, CTX-M2, CTX-M8/25, CTX-M9, CTX-M1, and armA. These genes conferred resistance to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and cephalosporins.

The study reports the first complete genomic sequence of an mcr-9 and bla VIM-4 -carrying multidrug-resistant Enterobacter hormaechei clinical isolate from Egypt, highlighting the coexistence of these resistance genes on an IncHI2 plasmid and their potential for dissemination.

The study identified the co-occurrence of mcr-1, mcr-3, mcr-7.1, and various clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes in environmental and fecal samples from a Brazilian zoo, highlighting the potential reservoir of these genes in zoological environments.

The study characterizes the resistome of the healthy oral microbiome, identifying several resistance genes including mefA, ermB, tetB, aac1, SHV, QnrD, and msrA, which confer resistance to macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identified various antibiotic resistance genes in Vibrio isolates from the Norwegian marine environment, including beta-lactamases (blaCARB, blaampC, varG), tetracycline resistance genes (tet34, tet35), a multidrug efflux pump (adeF), a quinolone resistance gene (qnr), and a chloramphenicol resistance gene (catB-related).

The study identified several β-lactamase genes (bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-9, bla OXA-1, and bla TEM-1-a) and other resistance genes (sul1, sul2, tetA, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrA, and qnrB) in ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from fish in the Bizerte lagoon, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in aquatic environments.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in fluoroquinolone-resistant avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates, including qnrA, qnrS, blaCTX-1, blaCTX-15, blaTEM-1, aac(3)-II, tetA, sul1, sul2, and catA1, along with mutations in gyrA and parC that confer fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified ESBL genes (bla SHV, bla TEM, bla CTX-M) and PMQR genes (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS) in hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from urinary tract infections in Iran. These genes contribute to resistance against beta-lactam antibiotics and quinolones.

The study identified several AMR genes in UPEC isolates, including bla CTX-M, bla TEM, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, gyrA, parC, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA, which confer resistance to beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones. Multidrug-resistant isolates were also found.

The study characterizes two clinical Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates co-producing VIM and MCR enzymes, identifying specific AMR genes and their resistance mechanisms.

The study identified several AMR genes in Enterococcus and ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from bovine mastitis cases in Egypt, including erm(B), tetL, aac-aphD, vanA, and vanB.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in APEC isolates, including blaTEM, aac(3)-VIa, aac(3)-VIb, aadA, tetA, tetB, dfr7, qacEΔ, qnr, sul1, intl1, arsC, and merA. These genes conferred resistance to multiple antibiotics such as beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, quinolones, sulfonamides, and heavy metals.

The study identified the presence of plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, including qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, and qepA, in enteric bacteria from human and animal sources in Delta State, Nigeria. PMQR was more prevalent in animal-derived isolates compared to human-derived ones.

The study identifies the circulation of pandemic sequence types ST131, ST648, and ST410 of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in Rwanda, highlighting their multidrug resistance and potential for transmission among patients, caregivers, and the community.

The study identified PMQR genes such as qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, and aac(6')-Ib-cr in non-typhoidal Salmonella strains with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones.

The study identifies the acquisition of various antibiotic resistance genes, including blaCTX-M, qnr, and mcr-1, in Dutch travelers after international travel, highlighting the impact of travel on the gut resistome.

The study identifies several beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, and efflux pumps involved in resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones in E. coli and K. pneumoniae using proteogenomics.

The study identified mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE genes, as well as PMQR genes qnrS, qnrA, qnrB, and aac(6')-Ib-cr in fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli isolates from broiler breeder farms in Korea.

The study identifies qnrS1 as the most prevalent qnr gene in fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli isolates from the German food chain in 2017. It also detects point mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE genes that contribute to increased fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies and characterizes plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes including qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA, demonstrating their transferability among enteric bacteria through conjugation and transformation.

The paper discusses the presence of various antibiotic resistance genes in Vibrio species, including strB, sul2, tetA, blaTEM, qnrA, ermB, floR, aac(3)-IIa, blaNDM-1, blaCMY, blaP1, catB3, and others, which confer resistance to antibiotics such as streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, ampicillin, fluoroquinolones, erythromycin, florfenicol, gentamicin, carbapenems, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim.

The study identified bla(TEM), bla(CTX-M), bla(CMY), and bla(SHV) genes in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from migratory birds in Bangladesh, highlighting the role of migratory birds as potential carriers of antibiotic resistance genes.

The study identified multiple ESBL genes, including bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-55, bla CMY-2, bla ACC-1, and bla TEM-1, along with PMQR genes such as qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, and aac(6′)-Ib-cr, contributing to resistance against cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones in Salmonella Choleraesuis isolates from Thailand.

The study identified various ESBL and PMQR genes in Salmonella enterica isolates from retail meats and slaughterhouses in Egypt, highlighting their high prevalence and potential public health implications.

The study identified the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Colombia, highlighting the significant presence of bla KPC, sul 1, sul 2, erm B, and others. It also found that environmental factors such as dissolved oxygen and precipitation correlate with the abundance of these genes.

The study identified the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Colombia, highlighting the significant presence of bla KPC, sul 1, sul 2, erm B, and others. It also found that environmental factors such as dissolved oxygen and precipitation correlate with the abundance of these genes.

The study identified qnrA, qnrB, oqxAB, and blaTEM-1 genes in various bacterial isolates from bivalve mollusks, indicating the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance and beta-lactam resistance mechanisms.

The study identifies mutations in gyrA and parC genes, along with plasmid-encoded resistance genes such as qnrA, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxA, and oqxB, as key contributors to fluoroquinolone resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates.

The study identifies three novel variants of PmGRI1 and a hybrid structure combining Tn7-like transposon and PmGRI1 in Proteus mirabilis, highlighting their role in carrying multiple antibiotic resistance genes.

The study presents optimized qPCR protocols for detecting and quantifying five antimicrobial resistance genes (ermB, bla CTXM1-like, bla CMY-2, qnrA, and qnrS) in environmental samples, demonstrating their accuracy and reliability.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli strains from commercial broilers, including bla CTX-M-1 and bla CTX-M-2 for cephalosporin resistance, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS for fluoroquinolone resistance, aac(6')-Ib-cr for fluoroquinolone and aminoglycoside resistance, tetA and tetB for tetracycline resistance, sul1 and sul2 for sulfonamide resistance, aadA for aminoglycoside resistance, dfrA and dfrB for trimethoprim resistance, and mcr1 and mcr2 for polymyxin resistance.

The study identified various CTX-M-type beta-lactamase genes, including bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-32, bla CTX-M-55, and bla CTX-M-65, as well as other beta-lactamase genes such as bla TEM-1, bla CARB-2, and bla CMY-2 in ESBL E. coli isolates from sheep and their abattoir environment. Additional AMR genes related to aminoglycosides, macrolides, phenicols, quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim were also detected.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations contributing to ciprofloxacin and tigecycline resistance in XDR Salmonella enterica isolates, including qepA, qnrS, qnrA, tet(A), and gyrA mutations. Overexpression of ramA was also linked to resistance.

The study identified the presence of bla TEM and bla CTX-M genes in 61.2% of Salmonella enterica isolates, along with qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS genes, contributing to antimicrobial resistance against β-lactams and fluoroquinolones.

The study reports a Providencia rettgeri clinical isolate co-harboring blaNDM-1, blaVIM-1, and blaOXA-10, which conferred resistance to multiple antibiotics including carbapenems, ceftazidime-avibactam, and aminoglycosides.

The study developed 11 qualitative plasmid DNA reference materials for detecting quinolone and fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms in foodborne pathogens. These materials were validated for genetic stability, homogeneity, and storage stability.