The study identifies the global spread of 16S rRNA methylase genes rmtA, rmtB, and armA in gram-negative bacilli, highlighting their role in aminoglycoside resistance.

The study identifies the rmtB gene, which confers resistance to aminoglycosides through methylation of G1405 in 16S rRNA, and the qepA gene, which mediates resistance to hydrophilic fluoroquinolones via efflux.

The study identified the presence of the armA and rmtB genes in amikacin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates, which confer high-level resistance to aminoglycosides. These genes were found to be carried by various conjugative plasmids, contributing to the spread of multidrug resistance.

The study reports the isolation of an Escherichia coli strain coproducing 16S rRNA methylase RmtB and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) CTX-M-65, highlighting the coexistence of multiple resistance mechanisms on the same plasmid.

The paper provides an updated overview of drug efflux pumps in bacteria, focusing on their structure, mechanisms, and roles in multidrug resistance. It highlights the importance of RND, MFS, MATE, SMR, and ABC transporters in efflux-mediated resistance.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial-resistance genes, including blaKPC-2, ampC, rmtB, and armA, in a carbapenem-resistant Citrobacter freundii clinical isolate from China.

The study found a high prevalence of the plasmid-mediated 16S rRNA methylase gene rmtB among clinical E. coli isolates from a Chinese teaching hospital, with 36 out of 37 amikacin-resistant isolates harboring the rmtB gene.

The study reports the first identification of the bla NDM-1 metallo-β-lactamase gene in Australia, along with the extended-spectrum β-lactamase CTX-M-15 and 16S rRNA methylases ArmA and RmtB, which confer high-level resistance to aminoglycosides in a multidrug-resistant E. coli isolate.

The study reports the emergence of NDM-1-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Belgium, highlighting the presence of multiple resistance mechanisms including blaNDM-1, qnrA6, qnrB1, qnrB2, and various beta-lactamases, rRNA methylases, and quinolone resistance genes.

The study reports the identification of blaKPC-2 and rmtB genes on a single plasmid in Enterobacter amnigenus and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from the same patient, highlighting the coexistence of carbapenem and aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms.

The study identifies the emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 clones co-producing KPC-2 and the 16S rRNA methylase RmtB, which confer high-level resistance to aminoglycosides and carbapenems.

The study developed a high-throughput GeXP assay for the simultaneous detection of seven aminoglycoside-resistance genes, including five aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and two 16S rRNA methyltransferases, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity.

The study identifies the emergence of 16S rRNA methylase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in hospitals in Vietnam, highlighting the presence of armA and rmtB genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, along with bla OXA-23-like and bla OXA-51-like genes contributing to carbapenem resistance.

The study identified rmtB and qepA as prevalent AMR genes in E. coli isolates from diseased animals in China, with rmtB associated with high-level resistance to aminoglycosides and qepA linked to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies the spread of CMY-2, CMY-41, and CMY-64 beta-lactamase genes in multidrug-resistant E. coli from food animals in China, highlighting the role of IncA/C plasmids in their transfer and the coexistence of other resistance genes such as qnrS1, floR, aac-(6′)-Ib-cr, oqxA, and rmtB.

The study reports the first detection of the rmtB gene in a multidrug-resistant Serratia marcescens isolate in China, along with quinolone resistance genes and various β-lactamase genes, contributing to resistance against β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identified blaCTX-M, rmtB, and oqxB as the predominant resistance genes in IncF plasmids from multi-drug resistant E. coli strains in China, highlighting the role of these plasmids in the spread of multidrug resistance.

The study characterizes the genetic structures of the qepA3 gene in Enterobacteriaceae isolates, identifying associated resistance genes such as blaCTX-M-14, blaTEM-12, and rmtB, which contribute to multidrug resistance.

The study identifies a novel plasmid pKP1034 carrying multiple resistance genes including fosA3, blaKPC-2, blaCTX-M-65, blaSHV-12, and rmtB in a Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 strain, highlighting the complex resistance mechanisms and potential for horizontal gene transfer.

The study identifies multiple antibiotic resistance genes, including oqxAB, bla CTX-M, aac(6')-Ib-cr, floR, qnrS1, rmtB, fosA3, pcoA, and silE, on ST3-IncHI2 plasmids from E. coli isolates of food-producing animals, highlighting the co-spreading of metal and antibiotic resistance.

The paper discusses the emergence and characteristics of acquired 16S ribosomal RNA methyltransferases (16S-RMTases) that confer resistance to aminoglycosides, particularly in gram-negative bacteria. It highlights the importance of these genes in multidrug-resistant organisms and their association with other resistance mechanisms such as carbapenemases.

The study identifies NDM-5-producing Escherichia coli ST167 in a neonatal patient in China, highlighting the spread of carbapenem resistance through the bla NDM-5 gene and other resistance mechanisms.

The study identified the presence of 16S rRNA methylase genes armA and rmtB in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolates from Algerian hospitals, highlighting the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains.

The study presents a rapid colorimetric test for detecting multiple aminoglycoside resistance in Enterobacteriaceae, focusing on the identification of 16S rRNA methylases (armA, rmtB, rmtC, rmtF, rmtG, npmA) and aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (aac(3)-IV, aac(3)-Ia, aac(3)-V, aph(3')-I, aph(3')-Ib, ant(2'')).

The study identified several 16S rRNA methyltransferase genes (armA, rmtA, rmtB, rmtC, rmtD) responsible for aminoglycoside resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolates, highlighting their prevalence and association with multidrug resistance.

The study identified the high prevalence of 16S rRNA methyltransferase genes rmtB and armA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from companion animals in China, along with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes such as bla CTX-M-55, bla TEM-1, and bla SHV-1.

The study identified 46 AMR genes or gene families in 90 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Kenya, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance and the diversity of resistance mechanisms.

The study identified the high prevalence of blaNDM-1 and blaKPC-2 genes in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, along with various quinolone and aminoglycoside resistance genes such as qnrB, aac(6')-Ib, rmtB, qnrS, and acc(6')-Ib-cr.

The study identified carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates carrying various combinations of carbapenemases (KPC-2, NDM-1, NDM-4, OXA-48) and 16S rRNA methylases (RmtB, RmtC) in Vietnam.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in XDR K. pneumoniae isolates, including bla KPC−2, rmtB, aac(6′)-Ib, APH(3′)-Ia, AAC(3)-IV, qnrS, qnrB, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, bla CTX−M−14, bla CTX−M−65, bla SHV−11, bla TEM, bla CMY, bla DHA−1, gyrA, and parC, which contribute to resistance against various antibiotics.

The study identified 18 antibiotic resistance genes in the multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii DMS06669 strain, including eight novel genes not previously reported in A. baumannii. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotic classes, including aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, phenicols, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, and rifampicins.

The study identified various AMR genes in CR-KP isolates, including blaNDM-1, blaIMP, blaKPC-2, SHV, TEM, CTX-M, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrS1, qnrB4, oqxAB, and rmtB, which contribute to resistance against carbapenems, beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Haemophilus parasuis isolates from pigs in China, including blaTEM-1, blaROB-1, ermB, ermA, flor, catl, tetB, tetC, rmtB, rmtD, aadA1, aac(3′)-IIc, sul1, and sul2. Additionally, mutations in the gyrA and parC genes were associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified the carbapenemase gene blaOXA-181, the 16S rRNA methylase gene rmtB, and the plasmid-borne colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria from São Tomé and Príncipe.

The case report describes the successful treatment of a patient with colistin-resistant CRKP bacteremia using ceftazidime-avibactam, highlighting the utility of rapid diagnostic methods and real-time communication tools in guiding antimicrobial therapy.

The paper discusses the characterization of various antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), AmpC cephalosporinases, carbapenemases, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, fosfomycin resistance genes, and tetracycline resistance genes. These genes confer resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics, highlighting the complex nature of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli.

The study characterizes F33:A−:B− plasmids carrying various AMR genes such as bla(CTX-M-55), bla(CTX-M-65), fosA3, rmtB, and others in E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from diverse sources in China.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, including bla KPC-2, bla KPC-3, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-48, ampC, qnrB, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, armA, rmtB, tet(A), tet(B), tet(D), tet(G), sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA1, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA25, dfrA26, dfrA30, oqxA, oqxB, and mgrB, as well as mutations in ompK35, ompK36, gyrA, parC, phoP, phoQ, pmrA, and pmrB, which contribute to resistance against multiple antibiotics.

The study characterizes plasmid-mediated rmtB-1 in Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates from Brazil, highlighting its association with high-level resistance to aminoglycosides.

The study identifies the co-transfer of plasmid-borne colistin-resistant genes mcr-1.1 and mcr-3.5, the carbapenemase gene blaNDM-5, and the 16S methylase gene rmtB from Escherichia coli. These genes were found on different plasmids and were shown to be self-transmissible, highlighting the potential for the simultaneous spread of multiple antimicrobial resistances.

The study identified the presence of rmtB and armA genes in Gram-negative bacteria from companion animals in Japan, indicating the prevalence of 16S rRNA methylases, which confer high-level resistance to aminoglycosides.

The study developed and validated 85 PCR assays to detect 79 AMR genes and mutations associated with resistance across 10 antimicrobial classes, focusing on E. coli. The assays showed high concordance with sequencing and phenotypic susceptibility testing, demonstrating their potential for AMR surveillance in E. coli isolates and direct stool specimens.

The study identified multiple carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CP-Kp) strains carrying various resistance genes, including blaKPC-2, blaNDM-1, and others, contributing to multidrug resistance. Plasmid analysis revealed the presence of resistance genes on different plasmids, highlighting the complexity of resistance mechanisms.

The study identifies blaNDM and blaOXA-181 as the primary carbapenemase genes in the globally disseminated ST410 lineage of carbapenem-resistant E. coli (CREC). Additionally, mcr-1 and mcr-3 were found to confer colistin resistance, while rmtB and armA were linked to amikacin resistance.

The study identified carbapenem-resistant and hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates carrying bla KPC−2, aac(3')-Ia, aac(6')-Ib, ANT(3')-Ia, rmtB, rmtC, qnrB, qnrS, oqxA, bla SHV−11, bla CTX−M−2 group, bla CTX−M−9 group, bla TEM−1, bla CMY−2, and bla DHA genes, contributing to multidrug resistance.

The study identifies blaKPC-2 as the dominant carbapenemase gene in clinical CRKP isolates, along with various ESBLs and other resistance genes such as blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, aac(3)-IId, rmtB, QnrS1, oqxA, oqxB, fosA, catA1, catA2, dfrA1, and dfrA17.

The study identifies the chromosomally-encoded mcr-1 gene in a colistin-resistant E. coli ST695 strain, along with various other resistance genes such as bla NDM-1, aadA1, aadA2, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-VI, rmtB, cmlA1, floR, tet(A), tet(M), dfrA12, oqxA, oqxB, qnrS1, mph(A), bla TEM-105, and bla TEM-1B, contributing to its multidrug-resistant phenotype.

The study identified several AMR genes, including bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-3, bla CTX-M-9, bla SHV-12, mcr-1, and rmtB, in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from raw meat-based diets for companion animals. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics, highlighting the potential public health risk associated with the consumption of such diets.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, including beta-lactamases (blaSHV-11, blaTEM-1B, blaVEB-1, blaOXA-10, blaKPC-2, blaOXA-9, blaVIM-27, blaCTX-M-15, blaOXA-1, blaOXA-48), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aadA1, ant(2'')-Ia, aph(6)-Id, arr-2, aadA24, aph(3')-Ia, aph(6)-Id, aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')Ib-cr, aac(6')-Ib, aac(6')-Ib-cr), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(G)), trimethoprim resistance genes (dfrA1, dfrA14, dfrA23), chloramphenicol resistance genes (cmlA1, catB4), and others.

The study identifies the emergence of ST11-K47 and ST11-K64 hypervirulent carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in China, highlighting their multidrug resistance and high virulence.

The study characterizes two carbapenemase-producing E. coli strains carrying blaNDM-5 and blaOXA-181, along with various other resistance genes such as qnrS1, blaCTX-M-15, aac(6')-lb-cr, catB3, sul1, dfrA17, qacEΔ1, aadA5, rmtB, ermB, mphA, tetB, catA1, dfrA14, dfrA12, blaTEM-1B, and blaCMY-42.

The study identified several plasmid-mediated resistance genes in E. coli isolates from healthy and diarrheic sheep and goats, including rmtB, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, CTX-M2, CTX-M8/25, CTX-M9, CTX-M1, and armA. These genes conferred resistance to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and cephalosporins.

The study identified multiple drug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from a pediatric cancer hospital in Egypt, highlighting the prevalence of various antimicrobial resistance genes such as TEM-220, NDM-11, aph(6)-Id, sul2, and others, indicating a significant threat to immunocompromised patients.

The study identifies seven resistance genes in the pandrug-resistant K. pneumoniae ST11 strain KP65, including bla KPC-2, bla CTX-M-65, rmtB, fosA, and fosA3, along with chromosomal mutations in mgrB and rpsJ that contribute to colistin and tigecycline resistance.

The study identifies the NDM-5-producing Escherichia coli sequence type 167 clone, highlighting its resistance mechanisms and the presence of various resistance genes such as blaNDM-5, aadA2, dfrA12, sul1, tet(A), mphA, rmtB, and aac(3)-IIa.

The study identified the high prevalence of 16S rRNA methylase genes, particularly armA and rmtB, in carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, contributing to aminoglycoside resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in a culture-negative sample from a patient with severe pneumonia, including bla SHV-12, bla KPC-2, bla TEM-1, bla CTX-M-65, aac(3)-IIa, aadA1, dfrA1, sul1, aph(3')-Ia, catA1, fosA, acrA, and rmtB, which confer resistance to various antibiotics.

The study characterizes two carbapenemase-producing plasmids, pT18 and pT211, from Proteus mirabilis, highlighting the role of cointegrate plasmids in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. The plasmids carry various resistance genes, including blaKPC-2, blaCTX-M-65, blaTEM-1B, rmtB, and fosA3, contributing to multidrug resistance.

The study identified various AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates, including beta-lactamases (blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-55, blaOXA-1, blaCMY-2, blaOXA, blaCMY), phenicol resistance genes (catB3, cmlA1, floR, catA1, catA2, oqxA, oqxB), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(6')-Ib-cr5, aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxA2, qepA1, qnrS1), sulfonamide and trimethoprim resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA12, dfrA7), and tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), tet(M)).

The study identified ten different 16S rRNA methyltransferase genes (rmtA, rmtB, rmtC, rmtD, rmtE, rmtF, rmtG, rmtH, armA, npmA) along with CTX-M-15, NDM, and OXA-48 beta-lactamases in three sequence types of Escherichia coli from northeast India.

The study found a high prevalence of 16S rRNA methyltransferase genes (armA and rmtB) in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates associated with bloodstream infections in Chinese teaching hospitals, leading to high-level resistance to aminoglycosides.

The paper discusses the global spread of 16S rRNA methyltransferases (ArmA, RmtB, RmtC, and NpmA) that confer high-level aminoglycoside resistance in various gram-negative bacteria. These genes are responsible for modifying the 16S rRNA, leading to resistance against multiple aminoglycosides.

The study identifies the carbapenemase gene bla KPC–2 and the aminoglycoside modifying gene rmtB as key contributors to carbapenem and aminoglycoside resistance in ST11-K64 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains during an interhospital outbreak. Additionally, the loss of the 10-kbp fragment containing rmtB led to reduced aminoglycoside resistance.

The study identifies carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 16 causing multiple outbreaks in a hospital in Vietnam. Key AMR genes include blaOXA-181, blaOXA-48, and mutations in gyrA and parC contributing to fluoroquinolone resistance. Colistin resistance was due to disruption of the mgrB gene by an IS L3-like element.

The study identifies fosA3 and bla CTX-M-14 in multidrug-resistant Citrobacter freundii isolates from flowers and retail environments in China, highlighting the role of untypable plasmids in the spread of these resistance genes.

The study demonstrates the use of nanopore sequencing for rapid identification of pathogens, antibiotic resistance genes, and virulence genes from simulated blood samples and positive blood cultures. It identified 39 antibiotic resistance genes and 77 virulence genes in a Klebsiella pneumoniae strain, including blaKPC-2, blaSHV-12, blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-65, rmtB, aadA, AAC(6')-IIb, baeR, mdtABC, acrAB, oqxAB, tet, H-NS, gyrA, and parC.

The study developed a targeted LC-MS/MS assay for the rapid and accurate detection of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and 16S rRNA methyltransferases in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity for detecting resistance mechanisms to gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin.

The study reports the first clinical isolate of NDM-5- and RmtB-producing Escherichia coli in Latin America, highlighting the co-occurrence of these resistance genes and their implications for antimicrobial resistance.

The study identifies several beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, and efflux pumps involved in resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones in E. coli and K. pneumoniae using proteogenomics.

The study identifies several beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, and efflux pumps involved in resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones in E. coli and K. pneumoniae using proteogenomics.

The study characterizes bla NDM-1 and bla NDM-4 carrying plasmids in Enterobacterales isolates from Vietnam, highlighting their role in carbapenem resistance and horizontal gene transfer.

The study identified several aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, including aac(3)-VIa, aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-Id, aac(3)-IVa, aac(3)-IIa, ant(2′′)-Ia, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, aadA2, aadA7, aadA1, ant(3′′)-Ia, aac(6′)-Ib3, and rmtB, as key contributors to gentamicin resistance in Salmonella isolates from both human and chicken sources in Canada.

The study identifies and characterizes various AMR genes, including blaCTX-M-55, rmtB, oqxAB, blaTEM-1b, floR, tet(A), strA, strB, sul1, sul2, aac(3)-IId, aadA2, dfrA12, and aph(3′)-IIa, in a multidrug-resistant E. coli strain. These genes contribute to resistance against multiple antibiotics such as beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in ST11-K64 XDRKp strains, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside resistance genes, and efflux pumps, contributing to extensive drug resistance.

The study identifies three novel variants of PmGRI1 and a hybrid structure combining Tn7-like transposon and PmGRI1 in Proteus mirabilis, highlighting their role in carrying multiple antibiotic resistance genes.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in ST11-KL64 CRKP isolates, including bla KPC-2, rmtB, catA2, fosA, qnrS1, sul2, tet(A), aadA2, dfrA14, bla CTX-M-65, bla SHV-12, bla TEM-1B, iucABCD, iutA, rmpA2, and mutations in GyrA (S83I, D87G) and ParC (S80I).

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including bla NDM-5, bla OXA-10, and bla TEM-1B, in NDM-5-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates from an urban river in China. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as carbapenems, cephalosporins, quinolones, and aminoglycosides.

The study identified Klebsiella variicola and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains carrying multiple resistance genes, including bla KPC-2, bla TEM-1A, bla LEN17, aadA16, arr-3, qnrB4, oqxA/B, dfrA27, sul1, tetD, fosA, qacEΔ1, bla CTX-M-3, bla TEM-1B, bla CTX-M-65, bla SHV-27, aac(6')-IIa, rmtB, aph(3')-Ia, aadA16, qnrS1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrB91, oqxA/B, mph(A), tet(A), fosA, dfrA27, and two copies of qacEΔ1-sul1.

The study identified several carbapenem resistance genes, including blaKPC-2, blaNDM-1, blaNDM-4, blaNDM-5, and blaOXA-181, as well as 16S rRNA methylase genes rmtB, rmtC, and armA, and the colistin resistance gene mcr-8 in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from a Vietnamese NICU.

The study characterizes a carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae strain that harbors a conjugative virulence plasmid and a bla KPC–2-bearing plasmid. The virulence plasmid contains multiple resistance genes, including bla KPC–2, qnrB4, bla DHA–1, sul1, msr(E), mph(E), bla TEM–1B, aac(3)-IId, bla SHV–12, mph(A), bla CTX–M–65, bla TEM–1B, fosA3, and rmtB. The study also shows that these plasmids can be transferred to other bacterial strains, contributing to the spread of multidrug-resistant and hypervirulent K. pneumoniae.

The study identifies high rates of aminoglycoside methyltransferases (rmtB, armA, rmtF) and metallo-beta-lactamases (bla NDM, bla VIM) in multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Egypt.

The study reports the first bovine ST361 NDM-5 positive Escherichia coli in Greece, highlighting the importation of multidrug-resistant strains and the need for continued surveillance.

Three IPM-heteroresistant strains of MDR ESBL/AmpC-producing K. pneumoniae were identified, which exhibited reduced expression of ompK36 and failed IPM therapy in a mouse model of peritonitis.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in the pandrug-resistant K. pneumoniae strain DJ, including carbapenemases (bla NDM-5, bla OXA-181, bla CTX-M-15), aminoglycoside resistance genes (rmtB, rmtF, aac(6')-Ib, aadA2, strAB), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2), dihydrofolate reductase (dfrA12), polymyxin resistance gene (mgrB), tetracycline resistance gene (ramR), chloramphenicol resistance genes (catA2, catB), fosfomycin resistance gene (fosA), and macrolide resistance genes (mphA, ermB). Mutations in gyrA, parC, ompK35, ompK36, and ramR contribute to resistance to fluoroquinolones, polymyxins, tetracyclines, and other antibiotics.

The study identified the carbapenemase gene blaKPC-2 and blaKPC-24, along with fosfomycin resistance gene fosA6, and various extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes such as blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-65, and blaCTX-M-27 in KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. Additionally, genes associated with fluoroquinolone, macrolide, aminoglycoside, and sulfonamide resistance were also characterized.

The study identified 88 acquired antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in 166 Morganella isolates, with a focus on tetracycline, aminoglycoside, sulfonamide, trimethoprim, and beta-lactam resistance genes. Key ARGs included blaKPC-2, blaNDM-1, aacA4, aadA5, dfrA17, catB3, arr-3, blaOXA-1, aacA4cr, mph(A), rmtB, sul2, floR, qnrS1, tetA, and ermB.

The study identified several AMR genes including blaOXA-232, blaNDM-1, blaNDM-5, blaCTX-M-15, blaSHV-1, blaTEM-1B, aac(6')-Ib, aadA2, aph(3')-Ic, aacA4, rmtf, fosA6, fosA5, and uhpT in XDR and PDR Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as carbapenems, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides. The study also highlighted the effectiveness of fosfomycin in combination with meropenem and amikacin against these resistant strains.

The study identifies bla NDM-5 producing Escherichia coli in Tanzania, highlighting the presence of carbapenem resistance and other resistance genes on various plasmids.

The paper discusses the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics, including enzymatic modification, decreased drug accumulation, and modification of drug targets. It highlights the importance of understanding these mechanisms to develop strategies to overcome resistance.

The study identifies the co-occurrence of armA, rmtB, and blaKPC-2 genes in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, highlighting their role in resistance to aminoglycosides and carbapenems.

The study identified 361 genes associated with antimicrobial resistance in E. coli isolates from poultry farms and slaughterhouses, highlighting extensive gene sharing and multidrug resistance profiles across hosts and environments.

The study identified a high prevalence of 16S rRNA methylases (ArmA, RmtF, RmtB, RmtC, RmtG) and carbapenemases (NDM-1, NDM-5, KPC-2, KPC-3, OXA-48, OXA-181, OXA-232, VIM-1, VIM-2) in carbapenem- and aminoglycoside-resistant Enterobacterales isolates from Switzerland, highlighting the increasing trends of their association.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in Klebsiella pneumoniae ST16 isolates, including bla NDM-4, bla OXA-181, and a frameshift mutation in acrR, contributing to carbapenem and fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study reports an outbreak of ST859-K19 carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-hvKP) in a Chinese hospital, identifying several resistance and virulence genes, including blaKPC-2, blaTEM-1B, blaSHV-187, rmtB, qnrS1, fosA6, and various virulence factors.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in hypermucoviscous Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Japan, highlighting the presence of ESBLs, carbapenemases, and other resistance determinants. It also reveals temperature-dependent variations in the HMV phenotype and the genetic diversity of the isolates.

The study identified 12 types of antibiotic resistance genes in 110 Salmonella isolates from duck farms in Shandong Province, China, including beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, tetracycline, macrolide, and quinolone resistance genes. The most prevalent resistance genes were blaTEM, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and tetA. The study also found that class I integrons and plasmids play a significant role in the dissemination of these resistance genes.

The study identifies several carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates producing NDM-type metallo-beta-lactamases, along with 16S rRNA methylases (armA and rmtB) and aac(6′)-Ib-cr, contributing to multidrug resistance.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations associated with resistance to various antibiotics in wastewater environments, highlighting the role of these genes in the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

The study developed and validated a targeted LC-MS/MS assay for the rapid detection of β-lactam, aminoglycoside, and fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms in blood cultures growing E. coli or K. pneumoniae. The assay successfully detected various resistance genes including β-lactamases (SHV, TEM, CTX-M-1-like, OXA-1, CMY-2-like, cAmpC, KPC, OXA-48, NDM, VIM), aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AAC(3)-Ia, AAC(3)-II, AAC(3)-IV, AAC(3)-VI, AAC(6′)-Ib, ANT(2′′)-I, APH(3′)-VI), 16S-RMTases (ArmA, RmtB, RmtC, RmtF), and quinolone resistance mechanisms (QnrA, QnrB, AAC(6′)-Ib-cr, and wildtype QRDR of GyrA).

The study identified 91 antimicrobial resistance genes in 30 Proteus mirabilis isolates from pig farms in Zhejiang, China, including genes encoding resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identified multiple carbapenemase genes, including blaKPC-2, blaOXA-48-like, and blaNDM, along with 16S rRNA methyltransferases (armA, rmtF, rmtB) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase blaCTX-M-15, contributing to carbapenem and aminoglycoside resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Singapore.

The study identifies the rmtB gene on a conjugative plasmid pTJPa150 in a multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa strain, Pa150, which significantly increases resistance to aminoglycosides. The gene was experimentally validated by cloning and MIC testing.

The study reports the emergence of NDM-1-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa ST773 clone in Korea, highlighting the spread of 16S rRNA methylase gene rmtB and increased carbapenem resistance rates.

The study describes an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) E. coli ST361 isolate co-carrying bla KPC-3, bla NDM-5, and various other resistance genes on multiple plasmids, showing resistance to nearly all antibiotics except tigecycline, colistin, and fosfomycin.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes, including bla OXA-181, bla TEM-1B, aac (3)-IId, aad A2, cml A1, dfr A12, mef (B), sul 3, tet (A), tet (M), incX3, incX1, incFII, qnr S1, aph (3″)-Ib, aph (6)-Id, flo R, lnu (F), sul 2, sul 3, tet (B), mph (A), mph (G), qnr B4, rmt B, and fos A3, in OXA-181-producing E. coli isolates from pigs and bovines in Italy. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics, including carbapenems, cephalosporins, penicillins, aminoglycosides, trimethoprim, macrolides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and fosfomycin.

The study identifies a conjugative plasmid pCY814036-iucA carrying multidrug resistance genes and virulence factors, and another plasmid pCY814036-KPC2 harboring bla KPC-2 and rmtB, contributing to carbapenem resistance and hypervirulence in a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate.

The study identified multiple carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) isolates carrying various resistance genes, including blaKPC-1, blaCTX-M-65, blaTEM-1, blaSHV-182, rmtB, aadA2, APH(3')-Ia, sul1, sul2, QnrS1, mphA, FosA6, floR, and tet(A). These genes confer resistance to carbapenems, beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, fosfomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracyclines.

The study identifies several AMR genes, including mcr-1, mcr-3, mcr-4, aadA5, catA1, bla CMY-2, bla CTX-M-55, dfrA17, fosA, mph(A), rmtB, strA, strB, sul1, sul2, bla TEM-1B, and bla CMY-48, which confer resistance to various antibiotics in different bacterial strains.

Extensively drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky ST198 isolates from chicken meat products in Xuancheng, China, were characterized. These isolates carried multiple resistance genes, including bla CTX-M-55, bla TEM-1B, aac(3)-IId, aadA17, rmtB, tet(A), floR, lnu(F), arr-2, qnrS1, sul1, mph(A), and fosA3, and mutations in gyrA (S83F, D87N) and parC (S80I), leading to resistance against several antimicrobial agents.

The study identified the rmtB gene as a major contributor to multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from duck farms in Guangdong, China. The gene was found to be horizontally transferred via IncFII plasmids and was associated with resistance to aminoglycosides and other antibiotics.

The study identified the aac(6')-Ib, armA, rmtB, and rmtC genes as responsible for amikacin resistance in 53 amikacin-resistant MDR Enterobacteriales isolates. The zidovudine-amikacin combination showed significant synergistic effects against these isolates in vitro and in vivo.

The study identified 43 antibiotic resistance genes in Salmonella enterica isolates from duck carcasses in Hanoi, Vietnam, including genes conferring resistance to multiple antibiotic classes such as aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, quinolones, and tetracyclines.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and efflux pump systems in P. aeruginosa persister isolates, highlighting their multidrug-resistant phenotype and biofilm-forming capabilities.

The study identified various AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens, highlighting the prevalence of bla CTX-M-15, bla CMY-42, bla NDM-5, aadA, bla TEM-1B, bla OXA-232, bla NDM-1, rmtB, rmtC, bla VEB, bla VIM-2, aph(3'), strA/B, bla OXA-23, aph (3′), catB, dfrB, bla VIM-2, fosA, oqxA, oqxB, bla OXA-23, bla CARB, bla OXA-91, bla OXA-51, bla PAO, bla SHV, aph (3′)-Ib, aph (6)-Id, mphE, msrE, ermB, mphA, aadA, rmtB, qnrB, dfrA, sul1, sul2, and fosA7.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations in Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky ST198.2-2, including blaCTX-M-14b, blaCTX-M-55, blaTEM-1B, aadA7, aph(3')-Ia, aac(3)-IId, rmtB, tet(A), sul1, dfrA14, floR, lnu(F), mph(A), arr-2, and fosA3, which confer resistance to various antibiotics. Mutations in gyrA and parC also contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in MDR-Kp strains, including KPC-2, parC, rmtB, and sul2, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and sulfonamides.

The study identifies several clinically important antibiotic resistance genes carried by IncF33 plasmids, including bla CTX-M-55, bla CTX-M-65, fosA3, rmtB, aph(3'')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aph(3')-IIa, floR, oqxAB, tet(A), and sul2. These genes contribute to multidrug resistance in Enterobacterales, particularly in Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

The study identified various carbapenemase genes, including bla OXA-48, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-181, bla VIM-1, and bla VIM-2, along with aminoglycoside resistance genes such as armA, rmtB1, and rmtC, and polymyxin resistance genes mcr9.1 and mcr9.2 in carbapenemase-producing Citrobacter spp. in France.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes, including blaOXA-232, blaCTX-M-15, dfrA14, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and others, in K. pneumoniae isolates, highlighting the role of integrons and plasmids in the dissemination of resistance.

The study identified the acquisition of the rmtB gene as a mechanism for aminoglycoside resistance in hv-CRKP strains, and internal mutations in rmpA and rmpA2 genes were linked to reduced hypermucoviscosity and virulence.

The study identified several aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in K. pneumoniae isolates from northern Jordan, including aac(6')-Ib, aac(3')-II, ant(3")-I, aph(3')-VI, armA, rmtB, qnrS, qnrB, oqxAB, and aac(6')-Ib-cr. These genes were significantly associated with non-susceptibility to aminoglycosides, quinolones, and beta-lactams.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in bacterial positive blood cultures using nanopore sequencing, demonstrating the effectiveness of this method in detecting resistance mechanisms and pathogens quickly.

The study identifies bla NDM-1-positive carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates belonging to the international high-risk clone ST773 in the Gauteng region, South Africa. These isolates harbor various antibiotic resistance genes, including bla NDM-1, aad A11, qnr VC1, flo R2/cml A9, rmt B4, tet G, bla OXA-906, and bla PDC-19b, contributing to their extensive drug resistance.

The study identified two NDM-5-producing K. pneumoniae ST11 isolates from a single patient, highlighting the presence of multiple acquired antimicrobial resistance genes, including blaNDM-5, blaCTX-M-15, and rmtB, along with other resistance determinants.

The study characterizes various AMR genes and mutations in ESKAPE pathogens in China, highlighting the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) and the emergence of resistance mechanisms such as blaKPC-2, blaNDM-1, blaNDM-5, rmtB, armA, fosA3, optrA, and poxtA.

The study identified several carbapenemase and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes, including bla NDM-1, bla NDM-4, bla NDM-5, bla NDM-7, bla OXA-181, bla OXA-232, bla KPC-3, bla CTX-M-15, bla SFO-1, bla ACT, and bla CMH-3, in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates from Kolkata, India. Novel integrons (In180, In4874, In4887, and In4888) were also discovered.

The study identifies blaKPC-2 as a key gene in carbapenem resistance among CRKP isolates, along with other resistance genes such as rmtB, APH(3')-Ia, and QnrB4. It also highlights the prevalence of ST11-KL47-OL101 clones and the role of plasmid pKpnR03_2 in the spread of resistance.

Carbapenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Korean hospitals is mainly due to frameshift mutations in the oprD gene, along with the production of metallo-beta-lactamases (blaIMP-6, blaVIM-2, blaNDM-1) or hyperproduction of AmpC beta-lactamase.

The study identified high prevalence of carbapenem resistance in Gram-negative pathogens in Egypt, with bla NDM and bla OXA-48-like being the most prevalent carbapenemase genes. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes qnrS and qnrB were also detected. Additionally, several aminoglycoside resistance genes and integron-associated gene cassettes were characterized.

The study characterizes the horizontal transfer of ColV plasmids in bla(CTX-M)-bearing avian E. coli, identifying multiple resistance genes and virulence factors associated with these plasmids.

The study identifies the IncP-2A plasmid pMAS152 in an extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate, which carries the multidrug resistance genes rmtB, blaPER-1, and tmexCD-oprJ, conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in Klebsiella pneumoniae ST147 isolates, including bla NDM-5, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-181, bla OXA-232, bla OXA-48, aadA1, aph(3')-VI, bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1B/C, bla OXA-9, truncated catA1, qnrS1, sul1, dfrA5, mph(A), erm(B), aac(6')-Ib, aac(6')-Ib3, sul2, aph(3')-Ia, rmtB, fosA, oqxAB, bla SHV-11/67, arr-3, and catB3.

The study reports the first molecular characterization of NDM-producing Enterobacterales causing infections in companion animals from Argentina, identifying bla NDM-1 and bla NDM-5 variants along with ESBLs and AmpC genes.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in Gram-negative bacteria causing neonatal sepsis in LMICs, including ESBLs, carbapenemases, and aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, highlighting the high prevalence of multidrug resistance and the need for effective antibiotic combinations.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates from Guangdong, China, including gyrA mutations, PMQR genes, and various beta-lactamase genes, contributing to multidrug resistance.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in multidrug-resistant E. coli strains causing infections in dogs and cats, including bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-55, bla CMY-2, bla CMY-148, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrS1, qnrB6, aadA2, aadA5, aadA16, ant(3′′)-Ia, aph(3′)-Ia, aph(3′′)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, rmtB, floR, cmlA, catA, sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfr17, dfrA27, tet(A), tet(B), tet(M), mph(A), erm(B), lnu(F), and arr-3, as well as the gyrA:p.S83L mutation.

The study identifies a novel multidrug-resistant plasmid pNDM-5-0083 carrying bla NDM-5, bla TEM-1B, aadA2, rmtB, dfrA12, and sul1, which contributes to resistance against multiple antibiotics in E. coli ST167.

The study identified several carbapenem-resistant genes, including bla OXA-23, bla OXA-66, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-50, bla OXA-395, bla NDM-7, and bla NDM-5, in various bacterial species in Fiji.

Four Acinetobacter lwoffii strains were isolated from the milk of cows with subclinical mastitis in China. These strains exhibited multidrug resistance and carried 17 resistance genes, including beta-lactamase, aminoglycoside-modifying, fluoroquinolone, tetracycline, sulfonamide, and chloramphenicol resistance genes.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Egyptian healthcare settings, highlighting extensive drug resistance and the role of mobile genetic elements in the spread of resistance.

The study identified qnrS, qnrA, qnrD, aac(6')-Ib, rmtB, and mexA as the main genes contributing to fluoroquinolone and aminoglycoside resistance in P. aeruginosa isolates during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The study identifies bla(NDM-5), bla(KPC-3), and bla(CMY-145) as key contributors to carbapenem and cephalosporin resistance in E. coli ST-361 isolates, alongside a PBP3 YRIN insertion that enhances resistance to cefiderocol and aztreonam/avibactam.

The study identifies the emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST6260 harboring multiple AMR genes, including rmtF, rmtB, bla(NDM-5), bla(OXA-232), and bla(SFO-1), highlighting the complexity of resistance mechanisms in Enterobacterales.

The study identifies the emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST6260 harboring multiple AMR genes, including rmtF, rmtB, bla(NDM-5), bla(OXA-232), and bla(SFO-1), highlighting the complexity of resistance mechanisms in Enterobacterales.

Seven ST11-K1 CR-hvKP isolates were found to carry highly homologous blaKPC-2-bearing plasmids, demonstrating multidrug resistance and hypervirulence. Key resistance genes included blaKPC-2, blaSHV-11, blaSHV-12, blaCTX-M-65, blaTEM-1, rmtB, oqxB, tetA/B, sul4, mcr-8, fosA, and mupB.

The study identifies the first detection of high-level aminoglycoside-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae isolates in Uruguay, carrying 16S rRNA methyltransferases (rmtB, rmtC, rmtD) along with carbapenemase genes (bla NDM-5, bla NDM-1).

The study identifies two outbreak cases of hypervirulent carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvCRKP) strains, ST65-KL2 and ST11-KL64, highlighting their distinct resistance mechanisms and virulence profiles.

The study identified distinct molecular epidemiology of resistances to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and carbapenems in Enterobacter hormaechei from cats, dogs, and horses in France, highlighting the role of specific resistance genes such as bla SHV-12, bla CTX-M-15, and bla OXA-48, along with ampC overexpression and rmtB/armA-mediated aminoglycoside resistance.

The study identified multidrug-resistant ST11 and hypervirulent ST23 as prevalent Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in northern China, highlighting the co-harborance of resistance genes such as rmtB, TEM-1, and KPC-2 in ST11 strains.

The study identifies the emergence of carbapenemase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Norway, primarily linked to international travel and hospitalization, highlighting the importance of genomic surveillance and infection control measures.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in the saliva of dental students, including blaCTX-M grp 1, blaCTX-M grp 9, blaCTX-M grp 8, blaOXA-48, blaKPC-1, blaVIM, DHA, ACC, MOX, armA, and rmtB. These genes are associated with resistance to beta-lactams, carbapenems, and aminoglycosides.

The study identified multiple AMR genes, including NDM-5, CTX-M-15, TEM-1, and others, in carbapenem-resistant and ESBL-producing multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from urinary tract infections.

All Staphylococcus pseudointermedius strains carried the aacA-aphD gene, while the detection rates of the rmtB and rmtE genes in Escherichia coli were 85.71% and 28.57%, respectively.

The study characterizes the AMR genes and mutations involved in the conjugation process between hvKP and CRKP strains, highlighting the role of mobile genetic elements in the emergence of ST11-KL64 CR-hvKP strains.

The study identifies six pVir-CRKP isolates from the United States, highlighting their multidrug resistance and enhanced virulence traits. These isolates exhibit resistance to various antibiotics, including carbapenems, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides, due to the presence of specific AMR genes and mutations.

The study identifies several AMR genes in CRKP strains, including bla KPC-2, bla NDM-1, bla VIM, bla SHV-12, bla TEM-1b, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrS, qnrB, rmtB, ant(3'')-I, armA, sul1, sul2, iucA, iutA, iroN, ybtS, mrkD, fimH, and p rmpA. These genes confer resistance to carbapenems, quinolones, aminoglycosides, and sulfonamides. Additionally, the study highlights the transferability of these genes through conjugation.

The study characterizes the plasmid diversity in Klebsiella pneumoniae ST307 isolates co-producing KPC and NDM carbapenemases, identifying multiple resistance genes and plasmid types involved in carbapenem resistance.

The study found that Scutellaria baicalensis, Folium Artemisiae argyi, and Galla Chinensis significantly reduced the abundance of gentamicin resistance genes (armA, rmtB, rmtA, rmtC, rmtD) in Exiguobacterium sp.