The study identified several AMR genes in urban wastewater treatment plants in Italy, including bla TEM-1, bla AmpC, bla CTX-M-15, bla KPC-3, bla SHV-1, tet A, sul II, erm B, qnr S, int I1, aad A2, dfr 17, aadA 5, aadA 10, sat 1, bla TEM, bla OXA, bla CTX, bla KPC, and tet W. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides.