The paper discusses the characterization of environmental macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) and tetracycline resistance genes, highlighting the diversity and distribution of these genes in environmental bacteria. It identifies several MLS resistance genes such as erm(H), erm(I), erm(N), and others, as well as tetracycline resistance genes like tetA(P), tet(V), and tet(X).

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes tet(Q), tet(32), and tet(W) in subgingival biofilms of Dominican adults with periodontal diseases. These genes were more prevalent in chronic periodontitis patients compared to healthy individuals.

The study found that Haemophilus ducreyi cutaneous ulcer (CU) strains are nearly identical to class I genital ulcer (GU) strains and are highly susceptible to antibiotics, including azithromycin. Resistance mechanisms in GU strains included beta-lactamase (blaTEM-1B) and tetracycline resistance genes (tet(B), tet(32), tet(M)).

The study identified numerous antibiotic resistance genes in Clostridium bolteae and Clostridium clostridioforme, including beta-lactamases, glycopeptide resistance operons, macrolide and lincosamide resistance genes, and efflux pumps. Notably, C. bolteae 90B3 exhibited resistance to linezolid, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and tiamulin due to the presence of the 23S rRNA methyltransferase gene cfr. Additionally, C. clostridioforme 90A8 possessed a VanB-type operon conferring vancomycin resistance.

The study identified several tetracycline, macrolide, aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, sulfonamide, mercury, and biocide resistance genes in beef feedlots, catch basin water, soil, and urban sewage influent. Tetracycline resistance was predominant in beef production systems, while urban sewage influent showed a diverse resistome with resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes.

The study identifies discriminatory antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) using an extremely randomized tree (ERT) algorithm, highlighting genes like sul1, tet(W), and ermB as significant markers for differentiating resistomes across various aquatic environments.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the fecal microbiota of dairy calves, highlighting the association between diet and the resistome. Key genes include ermB, lnuC, mefA, tet32, tet40, tetO, tetQ, tetW, and optrA, which confer resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, and tetracyclines, as well as oxazolidinones and phenicols.

The paper describes the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in Clostridium and Brachyspira spp. and other anaerobes, focusing on the genetic basis of resistance to various antibiotics, including tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, chloramphenicol, and others. It highlights the role of specific genes such as tet, erm, and cat in conferring resistance.

The study identifies specific AMR genes, including beta-lactamase genes (cepA, bl2e_cepA) and tetracycline resistance genes (tet32, tet44, tetW), that are upregulated in response to amoxicillin and doxycycline treatments in the murine gut microbiota.

The study identifies tetracycline and macrolide resistance genes, including tet(M), erm(B), tet(32), mef(A), and msr(D), located on mobile genetic elements in naturally circulating Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates.

The study identified various tetracycline resistance genes including tet(W), tet(Q), tet(32), tet(O), tet(44), tetA(P), and tetB(P) in chicken gut microbiota commensals, highlighting their distribution across different bacterial families.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations associated with resistance to quinolones, tetracyclines, and macrolides in Campylobacter isolates from various sources. Key findings include the prevalence of blaOXA-61, tet(O), and mutations in gyrA and 23S rRNA genes.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the oral microbiota, including mefA, msrD, ermB, ermF, cfxA, blaCSP(1), tetM, tetQ, and pgpB, which confer resistance to antibiotics such as erythromycin, azithromycin, penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and colistin. These genes were found in multiple bacterial species and were associated with different resistotypes in healthy, caries, and periodontitis groups.

The study identified 138 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the rumen of yak calves, with tetracycline resistance being the most prevalent. The study also found that feeding milk replacer (MR) altered the rumen resistome and microbiota, increasing the abundance of Prevotella and affecting the functional enzyme profiles.

The study identified several AMR genes in Clostridium neonatale, including erm(B), tet(O), tet(32), tet(M), bla TEM-116, bla CBP-1-like, and aph(3')-IIa, which confer resistance to clindamycin, tetracycline, cefotaxime, and gentamicin. These genes are associated with mobile genetic elements.

The study identified numerous antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and metal resistance genes (MRGs) in the metagenomes of Lake Afdera and the Assale salt plain in the Danakil Depression. Key ARGs included beta-lactamases (ACC-1, OXA-58, OXA-363, OXA-212, NDM-17, OXA-134, ACT-29, LRA-19), efflux pumps (emrB, abeM, abeS, mgrA, adeJ, MexC, adeL, adeH), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2), tetracycline resistance genes (tet39, tetX, tetK), and others. MRGs included copper resistance genes (copC, copD), cadmium resistance gene (cadD), mercury resistance gene (merA), chromate resistance genes (chrB, chrA), nickel-cobalt-cadmium resistance genes (nccA, nccB), cobalt-zinc-cadmium resistance gene (czcD), arsenic resistance gene (arsO), lead resistance gene (pbrA), and mercury resistance genes (merB, merR, MIR).

The study found that Neolamarckia cadamba leaves extract (NCLE) reduced the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in cecal contents of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced broilers by maintaining microbial balance.

The study identified numerous antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the rumen of goat kids, highlighting the dynamic nature of the resistome influenced by age and diet. Key ARGs included RPOB, GYRA, GYRBA, ROB, MDTF, ACRF, ACRB, MGTA, MLS23S, TUFAB, TET44, TET32, APH2-DPRIME, SAT, BRO, TETQ, ERMF, NIMJ, ACI, MEFA, RRSC, RRSH, CAP16S, TETX, LNUC, TETW, TETO, and TET40, which were associated with resistance to various antibiotics such as drugs, MLS, tetracyclines, and others.

The study identified 372 unique antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the gut microbiome of children undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation, with tetracycline, beta-lactam, and fluoroquinolone resistance genes being the most prevalent. Anaerobic antibiotic exposures were associated with an increase in the acquisition of new ARGs and the relative abundance of ARGs in the gut resistome.

The study found that doxy-PEP use over 6 months significantly increased the proportion and expression of tetracycline resistance genes in the gut microbiome, with no significant changes in other antibiotic resistance gene classes.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in Rothia nasimurium Y1, including vanA, vanC, vanB, vanE, vanD, vanG, vanF, vanM, vanL, vanO, vanN, mtrA, vanRA, arlR, vanRI, vanRB, vanRC, vanRD, vanRF, vanRG, CpxR, kdpE, vanRM, vanRN, baeR, adeR, vanRL, smeR, gyrA, gyrB, parC, Mfd, mfd, PBP2, PBP2x, EF-Tu, dfrE, pncA, tetB(P), tetQ, tet44, tetT, tetW, tetS, tetM, tetO, otr(A), tet36, tet32, clbC, clbB, clbA, cipA, cfrA, cfrC, sul3, ParY, murA, cls, and ileS, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as glycopeptides, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, lincosamides, phenicols, macrolides, and others.

The study identifies tetracycline and clindamycin resistance genes (tet and erm) in various Clostridia species from preterm infants, highlighting their role as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance.

The study identified 29 ARG subtypes across eight types in 13 known, five unknown, and 18 unclassified species, highlighting the complex and dynamic nature of antimicrobial resistance in the gut microbiome. Notably, the cfr(C) gene was detected in 11 bacterial species following antimicrobial treatment, with mutation patterns characterized in several species.