Browse AMR Genes
Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature
Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature
major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump
Overview
| Allele | Database | Papers | Drug Classes | Organisms | Countries | Years | Sequence Accession | Protein Accession |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| tet(39) | Card DatabaseResFinder Database | 2 | TETRACYCLINE, DOXYCYCLINE, TETRACYCLINE +2 | Acinetobacter sp. LUH5605 +1 | - | 2016 | AY743590.1 | AAW66497.1 |
| Tet(39) | Card DatabaseReference Gene CatalogReslit | 18 | TETRACYCLINE, tetracycline +1 | Acinetobacter sp. LUH5605 +22 | Europe, India, Vietnam, Argentina, Germany|Colombia|Vietnam|Japan|Nicaragua|United States|Canada|Brazil|Thailand|Lebanon|Poland|France|Italy|Spain|Portugal|Mexico|China|South Korea|India, China, Thailand, Nigeria, Alexandria, Egypt, Virginia|Illinois, North America, United States|Minnesota, Terengganu, Malaysia|Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia|Malaysia | 2005, 2011, 2014, 2017, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 | AY743590.1 | AAW66497.1 |
| tet ( 39 ) | Reslit | 1 | tetracycline | Acinetobacter baumannii | Germany | 2013 | - | - |
| tet39 | Reslit | 11 | tetracycline | Acinetobacter baumannii +15 | Singapore, central Negev Desert, Israel, Australia, Iran, Kenya, Italy|Taiwan|Spain|China|Australia|United States|Egypt|Bolivia, Malaysia, Central Greece, Danakil Depression, Afar Region, Ethiopia, South Australia, Egypt | 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 | KY617771 | - |
| tet (39) | Reslit | 2 | tetracycline | Acinetobacter baumannii +1 | Germany, Hebei, China|Hebei province, China | 2023, 2025 | QWA20169.1|QWA20169.1|QWA20170.1|QWA20171.1|QWA20172.1|QWA20173.1|QWA20174.1|QWA20175.1|QWA20176.1 | - |
Identification of Tet 39, a novel class of tetracycline resistance determinant in Acinetobacter spp. of environmental and clinical origin.
Identification of Tet 39, a novel class of tetracycline resistance determinant in Acinetobacter spp. of environmental and clinical origin.
Environmental macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin and tetracycline resistant bacteria.
The paper discusses the characterization of environmental macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) and tetracycline resistance genes, highlighting the diversity and distribution of these genes in environmental bacteria. It identifies several MLS resistance genes such as erm(H), erm(I), erm(N), and others, as well as tetracycline resistance genes like tetA(P), tet(V), and tet(X).
DNA microarray for genotyping antibiotic resistance determinants in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates.
The study developed a DNA microarray for genotyping antibiotic resistance determinants in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates, identifying numerous resistance genes and mutations associated with carbapenem, aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolone, and other antibiotic resistances.
Shotgun metagenomics reveals a wide array of antibiotic resistance genes and mobile elements in a polluted lake in India.
The study identified a diverse array of antibiotic resistance genes in a polluted lake in India, including sul2, qnrD, aph(6)-Id, aph(3′)-Ib, CMY2, qnrS, ant(3′)-Ia, dfrB1/dfrB5/dfrB6/dfrB8, GES, ere(A)/ere(C), qnrC, mph(E), dfrA1/dfrA15/dfrA25/dfrA30, erm(F), ant(2′)-Ia, cmlA, and tet(39). These genes conferred resistance to various classes of antibiotics, highlighting the significant presence of resistance mechanisms in the polluted environment.
A small Acinetobacter plasmid carrying the tet39 tetracycline resistance determinant., Genome analysis of tigecycline-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii reveals nosocomial lineage shifts and novel resistance mechanisms.
The tet39 Determinant and the msrE-mphE Genes in Acinetobacter Plasmids Are Each Part of Discrete Modules Flanked by Inversely Oriented pdif (XerC-XerD) Sites.
The study identifies the tet39 tetracycline resistance determinant and the msrE-mphE macrolide resistance genes in an Acinetobacter plasmid, pS30-1, which confers resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin.
New eight genes identified at the clinical multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii DMS06669 strain in a Vietnam hospital.
The study identified 18 antibiotic resistance genes in the multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii DMS06669 strain, including eight novel genes not previously reported in A. baumannii. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotic classes, including aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, phenicols, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, and rifampicins.
Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Greywater and Greywater-Irrigated Soils.
The study identified tetracycline-resistant bacteria in treated greywater and greywater-irrigated soils, with tet39 being the most prevalent tetracycline resistance gene. Several beta-lactamase genes, including blaTEM, blaCTXM-32, blaOXA-2, and blaOXA-10, were also detected, indicating multidrug resistance.
Genomic epidemiology of severe community-onset Acinetobacter baumannii infection.
The study identified AMR genes sul2, tet(B), and tet39 in Acinetobacter baumannii strains, along with mutations in gyrA and parC associated with ciprofloxacin resistance.
Accumulation of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates Belonging to Lineage 2, Global Clone 1, from Outbreaks in 2012-2013 at a Tehran Burns Hospital.
The study identifies multiple antibiotic resistance genes, including blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, aadB, sul2, aphA6, and tet39, in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Iran, highlighting the genetic basis of multidrug resistance in these strains.
What do we know about plasmids carried by members of the Acinetobacter genus?
The paper reviews the diversity and characteristics of plasmids in Acinetobacter species, particularly highlighting the presence of various beta-lactamase genes (blaOXA-23, blaOXA-58, blaOXA-24, blaPER-1, blaADC-25), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aadB, aphA6), tetracycline resistance gene (tet(39)), macrolide resistance genes (mph(E), msr(E)), sulfonamide resistance gene (sul2), and other resistance genes (bcr). These genes are primarily found on plasmids and contribute to multidrug resistance in clinical isolates.
Detection of diverse carbapenem and multidrug resistance genes and high-risk strain types among carbapenem non-susceptible clinical isolates of target gram-negative bacteria in Kenya.
The study identified various carbapenemase genes (blaNDM-1, blaNDM-5, blaVIM-1, blaVIM-6, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-58, blaOXA-66, blaOXA-69, blaOXA-91, blaOXA-181, blaOXA-50) and other resistance genes (such as armA, rmtC, rmtF, aac(3)-I, aadA1, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-VI, aph(3')-Via, aph(6')-Id, mphE, msrE, mphA, ereA, dfrA1, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA17, dfrA20, sul1, sul2, tetB, tetD, tetG, tet39, qnrVC1, qnrS1, qnrB4, floR, catA1, catA2, catB3, catB7, cmlA1, cmlA5, arr-3, arr-2, sat2, acrF, mdtM, emrD, mexA, mexE, mexX, kdeA, oxa-10, oxa-395, oxa-396, oxa-846, adc-25, dha-1, act-16, cmY, ctx-m-15, shv-67, tem-1b) in carbapenem non-susceptible clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria in Kenya, highlighting the diversity and prevalence of multidrug resistance.
Antimicrobial Resistance in Acinetobacter spp. Isolated from Pet Reptiles
The study identified various AMR genes in Acinetobacter spp. isolated from pet reptiles, including tetracycline, sulfonamide, and aminoglycoside resistance genes, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains in these animals.
Epidemiological and genetic characteristics of clinical carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains collected countrywide from hospital intensive care units (ICUs) in China.
The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) strains, highlighting the prevalence of bla OXA-23 and bla OXA-66 as key determinants of carbapenem resistance, along with other resistance mechanisms such as mutations in efflux pump genes and modifications in lipopolysaccharide synthesis.
Emergence and multi-lineages of carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex from canine and feline origins.
The study identifies blaOXA-23 as a prevalent carbapenemase gene in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex isolates from dogs and cats in Thailand. Additionally, several tetracycline and aminoglycoside resistance genes, including tet(B), tet(39), strA, strB, aac(3)-Ia, aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')-Im, aac(6')-Ib, ant(2'')-Ia, and aph(3')-VI, were detected.
Mobile genetic elements in Acinetobacter antibiotic-resistance acquisition and dissemination.
The study highlights the role of mobile genetic elements, particularly insertion sequences (IS), in the acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacter species. IS elements can enhance the expression of intrinsic beta-lactamase genes, such as bla OXA-23, bla OXA-51, and ampC, leading to carbapenem and cephalosporin resistance. Additionally, IS elements can disrupt genes involved in antibiotic uptake, such as porins, and alter the expression of efflux pumps, contributing to multidrug resistance.
Genomic Diversity, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Biofilm Formation of Clinical Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates from Horses.
The study identified multiple AMR genes in equine Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, including beta-lactamases (bla OXA-51-like, bla ADC-25, bla TEM-1D), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2), chloramphenicol resistance genes (catA1, ABUW 0982), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), tet(39)), and aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (aph(3′)-Ia, aph(3`)-Ic, aph(6)-Id, aac(3)-Ia). Additionally, eight novel OXA-51-like variants (OXA-970 to OXA-977) were characterized.
High Genetic Diversity of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates Recovered in Nigerian Hospitals in 2016 to 2020.
The study identified blaOXA-23 and blaNDM-1 as the most common carbapenem resistance genes in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Nigerian hospitals, along with several other AMR genes and mutations contributing to multidrug resistance.
Genomic and phenotypic characterization of Acinetobacter colistiniresistens isolated from the feces of a healthy member of the community.
The study identified several AMR genes in the Acinetobacter colistiniresistens strain C-214, including blaOXA302, tet39, ANT(3'')-IIc, AAC(6')-Ij, and adeB, which contribute to resistance against beta-lactams, tetracycline, aminoglycosides, and multiple antibiotics.
Molecular characterization of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates from Alexandria, Egypt.
The study identified various AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Alexandria, Egypt, including bla OXA-51-like variants, bla OXA-23, bla NDM-1, bla PER-7, bla GES-like, and others, highlighting the widespread resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and other antibiotics.
The Molecular Characterization of bla(NDM-1)-Positive Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated in Central Greece.
The study identifies multiple AMR genes in blaNDM-1-positive Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, sulfonamide resistance genes, macrolide resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, trimethoprim resistance genes, and quaternary ammonium resistance genes.
Shotgun Metagenomics-Guided Prediction Reveals the Metal Tolerance and Antibiotic Resistance of Microbes in Poly-Extreme Environments in the Danakil Depression, Afar Region.
The study identified numerous antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and metal resistance genes (MRGs) in the metagenomes of Lake Afdera and the Assale salt plain in the Danakil Depression. Key ARGs included beta-lactamases (ACC-1, OXA-58, OXA-363, OXA-212, NDM-17, OXA-134, ACT-29, LRA-19), efflux pumps (emrB, abeM, abeS, mgrA, adeJ, MexC, adeL, adeH), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2), tetracycline resistance genes (tet39, tetX, tetK), and others. MRGs included copper resistance genes (copC, copD), cadmium resistance gene (cadD), mercury resistance gene (merA), chromate resistance genes (chrB, chrA), nickel-cobalt-cadmium resistance genes (nccA, nccB), cobalt-zinc-cadmium resistance gene (czcD), arsenic resistance gene (arsO), lead resistance gene (pbrA), and mercury resistance genes (merB, merR, MIR).
Genomic analysis of diverse environmental Acinetobacter isolates identifies plasmids, antibiotic resistance genes, and capsular polysaccharides shared with clinical strains.
The study identified plasmids, antibiotic resistance genes, and capsular polysaccharides in environmental Acinetobacter isolates that are shared with clinical strains, highlighting the potential for environmental strains to acquire and disseminate clinically important antibiotic resistance genes.
Plasmid content of carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates belonging to five International Clones collected from hospitals of Alexandria, Egypt.
The study characterizes various AMR genes in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, including blaOXA-23, blaPER-7, blaGES-11, blaGES-35, aph(3')-VI, aac(6')-Ib, sul1, sul2, mph(E), msr(E), armA, strA, strB, cmlA5, arr-2, ant(3'')-II, aadA1-pm, tet(B), tet(39), qacEΔ1, and dfrA7.
Selection and horizontal gene transfer underlie microdiversity-level heterogeneity in resistance gene fate during wastewater treatment.
The study identifies several resistance genes, including mphA, msrE, tet(39), sul1, sul2, mer, qac, and aadA, which were found to be associated with hospital sewage and showed variations in their persistence in activated sludge. These genes contribute to resistance against macrolides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, mercury, quaternary ammonium compounds, and aminoglycosides.
Whole-genome sequencing of two multidrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from a neonatal intensive care unit in Egypt: a prospective cross-sectional study.
The study identified multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains from a neonatal ICU in Egypt, highlighting the presence of various beta-lactamase genes, aminoglycoside resistance genes, macrolide resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, and sulfonamide resistance genes.
Impact of doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis for sexually transmitted infections on the gut microbiome and antimicrobial resistome.
The study found that doxy-PEP use over 6 months significantly increased the proportion and expression of tetracycline resistance genes in the gut microbiome, with no significant changes in other antibiotic resistance gene classes.
Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of clinical carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter species harboring the metallo-beta-lactamases IMP-8 or NDM-1 in China.
The study characterized the phenotypic and genotypic features of one IMP-8-producing and four NDM-1-producing plasmids in Acinetobacter spp. strains isolated in 2010, highlighting the presence of various resistance genes including blaIMP-8, blaNDM-1, aac(6')-Ib, aac(3)-IId, msr(E), mph(E), sul1, sul2, tet(39), and aph(3')-VI.
Proximity-Ligation Metagenomic Sequence Analysis Reveals That the Antibiotic Resistome Makes Significant Transitions During Municipal Wastewater Treatment.
The study reveals significant transitions in the antibiotic resistome during municipal wastewater treatment, highlighting the presence of various ARGs in untreated wastewater and their reduced abundance in treated samples. Notably, certain ARGs like blaOXA, mef(A), and msr(D) were prevalent in untreated wastewater, while others like aph(3")-Ib, aph(6)-Id, mef(C), mph(A), and mph(G) were more prominent in activated sludge samples.
Whole-genome sequencing of Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates from a tertiary hospital in Terengganu, Malaysia (2011-2020), revealed the predominance of the Global Clone 2 lineage.
The study identified the predominance of the Global Clone 2 lineage of Acinetobacter baumannii in Terengganu, Malaysia, with a focus on the detection of various antimicrobial resistance genes, including bla OXA-23, bla ADC, bla NDM-1, and others, contributing to multidrug resistance.
A strain defined as a novel species in the Acinetobacter genus co-harboring chromosomal associated tet(X3) and plasmid associated bla (NDM-1) from a beef cattle farm in Hebei, China.
The study identifies a novel Acinetobacter species co-harboring chromosomal tet(X3) and plasmid-associated bla(NDM-1) genes, demonstrating resistance to multiple antibiotics including carbapenems and tetracyclines.
The Road Less Traveled: Exploring the Genomic Characteristics and Antimicrobial Resistance Potential of Acinetobacter baumannii From the Indigenous Orang Asli Community in Peninsular Malaysia.
The study identified several beta-lactamase and cephalosporinase genes, including bla OXA-51, bla OXA-68, bla OXA-98, and various bla ADC variants, as well as tetracycline resistance gene tet(39) and aminoglycoside resistance gene ant(3'')-IIa in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from the Orang Asli community. These genes contribute to resistance against carbapenems, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides.
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