The study identified the tet(B) gene as the predominant tetracycline resistance gene in Pasteurella aerogenes isolates from swine, with some isolates also carrying the tet(H) gene. The tet(B) gene was found to be associated with Tn10 elements and was located in both chromosomal and plasmid contexts.

The study developed and validated PCR primers for detecting tetracycline efflux genes in gram-negative bacteria, identifying multiple tet genes in swine feed, feces, and groundwater, highlighting the spread of tetracycline resistance in agricultural environments.

The study identified several efflux transporter genes, including tet(B), tet(C), tet(K), acrAB, acrEF, and bcr, that influence the susceptibility of Escherichia coli to tigecycline. While tigecycline was effective against strains expressing these efflux pumps, it was found to be a substrate for AcrAB and AcrEF, suggesting potential resistance mechanisms.

The study identified tet(A), tet(B), and tet(M) as tetracycline resistance genes in Acinetobacter baumannii strains, with tet(B) additionally conferring resistance to minocycline. The efflux gene adeB was present in all strains regardless of tet gene status.

The study identifies plasmid-encoded Tet B tetracycline resistance in Haemophilus parasuis and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, demonstrating the presence of the tet(B) gene on a 5.1-kb plasmid (pHS-Tet) and its role in tetracycline resistance.

The study identified resistance mechanisms in Neisseria meningitidis, including penA gene polymorphisms associated with penicillin and ampicillin resistance, catP gene-mediated chloramphenicol resistance, folP gene mutations linked to sulfisoxazole and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance, tet(B) efflux pump contributing to tetracycline resistance, and rpoB gene mutations causing rifampin resistance. Additionally, gyrA mutations were associated with reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility.

The study reports reduced levofloxacin susceptibility and tetracycline resistance in a clinical isolate of Haemophilus quentini, with mutations in gyrA (S84L) and parC (S84I) and the presence of the tet(B) gene.

The study identified tet(A) and tet(B) genes as the primary tetracycline resistance mechanisms in commensal E. coli strains from Swedish infants, highlighting their prevalence and association with other antibiotic resistances.

The study identified tet(B), tet(O), tet(H), and tet(L) genes in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates from Spain, all of which confer tetracycline resistance through efflux mechanisms.

The study identified multiple multidrug-resistant commensal E. coli isolates in children from Peru and Bolivia, highlighting the prevalence of resistance genes such as blaTEM, tet(A), tet(B), dfrA8, sul1, sul2, and catI.

The study identified tet(B) and tet(A) as the primary tetracycline resistance determinants in tetracycline-resistant E. coli isolates from dairy cattle.

The study identified various acquired antibiotic resistance genes in commensal E. coli isolates from a remote community with minimal antibiotic exposure, including blaTEM, catI, cmlA6, tet(A), tet(B), dfrA1, dfrA7, dfrA8, dfrA17, sul1, sul2, aphA1, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aadB, and sat-1. These genes were found to be similar to those seen in antibiotic-exposed settings, indicating the dissemination of resistant bacteria and resistance genes from such environments.

The study found that high concentrations of chlortetracycline (CTC) selected for increased tetracycline resistance in aerobic bacterial populations, with a greater diversity of tet resistance genes detected in the high-CTC chemostat compared to low-CTC and control chemostats.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli isolates from broiler chickens, including blaTEM, blaSHV, aadA, tet(A), tet(B), sulI, sulII, and floR, which conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as amoxicillin, tetracycline, sulfonamides, and chloramphenicol.

The study identified bla TEM1, tet (A), and sul2 as prevalent resistance genes in commensal E. coli from beef cattle, highlighting the impact of antimicrobial use on resistance dissemination.

The study identified tetracycline resistance mediated by the tet(B) gene in E. coli isolates from feedlot cattle.

The study identifies several AMR genes, including bla ROB-1, tet(B), tet(H), tet(O), strA, and sul2, which are responsible for multidrug resistance in Pasteurella multocida. These genes are located on small plasmids and contribute to resistance against beta-lactams, tetracyclines, streptomycin, and sulfamethoxazole.

The study identified various AMR genes in commensal E. coli from pigs, including blaTEM, catA1, aph(3')-Ia, aadA, strA/strB, tet(A), tet(B), sul1, sul2, and sul3. These genes conferred resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, spectinomycin, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole. However, the presence of these resistance genes did not provide a significant colonization advantage or disadvantage in the pig intestine.

Two E. coli isolates from Galápagos land iguanas were found to carry acquired resistance genes, including tet(B), aadB, aacA4, cat1, tet(A), blaTEM, and sul1, indicating human-related contamination in a remote ecosystem.

The study identifies the resistance genes bla TEM-1, strA-strB, sul2, and tet(B) in multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and its monophasic variant strains, which are chromosomally located and confer resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline.

The study identified the genes bla TEM1-like, sul2, strA-strB, and tet(B) as responsible for multidrug resistance to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, and tetracycline in Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:-.

The study identified the tetracycline resistance gene tet(B) and the ampicillin resistance gene tem1-like in Escherichia coli isolates from feedlot cattle. These genes were found to confer resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin, respectively.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from animals, including bla TEM, bla CTX-M-2, bla CMY-2, strA-strB, aadA, aphA1, aadB, cat, floR, sul1, sul2, tet(A), and tet(B). These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from Irish cattle farms, including strA-strB, aphA1, aadA, aadB, blaTEM, sul2, tet(A), and tet(B). These genes were associated with resistance to streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, spectinomycin, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, sulfonamides, and tetracycline.

The study characterizes several tetracycline resistance genes, including tet(M), tet(K), tet(B), tet(A), and tet(X), demonstrating their roles in conferring resistance to tetracycline and related antibiotics.

The study identifies several AMR genes on the plasmid pAQU1, including bla CARB-9 -like, floR, mef (A)-like, sul2, tet (M), and tet (B), which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as carbenicillin, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, erythromycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline.

The study identified the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes such as bla CMY-2, tet(A), and tet(B) in Escherichia coli isolates from raccoons in Southern Ontario, Canada. These genes confer resistance to ceftiofur and tetracycline.

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes tet(A) and tet(B) in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from both US and Afghanistan-based military personnel.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in the EDR A. baumannii 53264 strain, including aac(6')-Iaf, aac(3)-Ia, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-Ic, strA/aph(3'')-Ib, blaOXA-23, blaTEM-1, sul1, sul3, and tet(B). Additionally, mutations in ampC, gyrB, parC, and qseC contribute to resistance against various antibiotics.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in E. coli isolates from the San Pedro River, including blaTEM, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and tet(B), as well as mutations in gyrA and parC contributing to quinolone resistance.

The study identified tet(A) and tet(B) efflux genes in Escherichia coli isolates from chicken colons, which confer resistance to tetracycline.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from military treatment facilities, including bla OXA-51-like, bla OXA-23, bla GES-11, aac(6')-Ib, aacC1, aadB, aphA6, and others, highlighting the complex resistome of these isolates.

The study identified tet(A), tet(B), and bla CMY-2 as key resistance genes in E. coli isolates from feedlot cattle, with bla CMY-2 associated with high multidrug resistance. CTC treatment influenced the selection of tetracycline resistance genes, favoring tet(B) over tet(A).

The study identifies various AMR genes in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium monophasic variant 4,[5],12:i:- strains, including aac(3)-IV, bla TEM-1, cmlA1, aadA1, aadA2, strA, sul1, sul2, sul3, tet(A), tet(B), and dfrA12, which confer resistance to multiple antibiotics.

The study identifies pAQU group plasmids that can transfer the tetracycline resistance gene tet(M) to E. coli, highlighting their potential role in spreading antibiotic resistance in marine environments.

The study identified various AMR genes, including bla TEM, dfr, strB, tet(A), and tet(B), in Gram-negative fecal bacteria from volunteers treated with amoxicillin, minocycline, or placebo. The prevalence of these genes increased significantly in the amoxicillin-treated group.

The study identified various AMR genes, including bla TEM, dfr, strB, tet(A), and tet(B), in Gram-negative fecal bacteria from volunteers treated with amoxicillin, minocycline, or placebo. The prevalence of these genes increased significantly in the amoxicillin-treated group.

The study identified the resistance genes blaTEM, strA-B, sul2, and tet(B) associated with the ASSuT phenotype in monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium DT193 strains. Additionally, 54% of the isolates showed resistance to chloramphenicol, although no specific chloramphenicol resistance genes were detected.

The study identified tet(A), tet(B), and tet(C) as the predominant tetracycline resistance genes in E. coli isolates from beef cattle, with tet(B) showing higher MIC values compared to tet(A).

The study identified the prevalence of tetracycline resistance genes, particularly tet(A), among multi-drug resistant bacteria in water distribution systems in southwestern Nigeria, highlighting the potential for horizontal gene transfer.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in swine fecal samples using qPCR, including tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(M), tet(O), tet(W)), erythromycin resistance genes (ermB, ermF), sulfonamide resistance genes (sulI, sulII), beta-lactam resistance genes (blaCTX-M-1 group, blaCMY-2, blaSHV family), and glycopeptide resistance gene (vanA).

The study found that Haemophilus ducreyi cutaneous ulcer (CU) strains are nearly identical to class I genital ulcer (GU) strains and are highly susceptible to antibiotics, including azithromycin. Resistance mechanisms in GU strains included beta-lactamase (blaTEM-1B) and tetracycline resistance genes (tet(B), tet(32), tet(M)).

The study identified several AMR genes in ETEC isolates from Peruvian children, including bla TEM-like for ampicillin resistance, sul2 for sulfamethoxazole resistance, tet(A) and tet(B) for tetracycline resistance, and mph(A) for azithromycin resistance.

The study shows that multi-drug resistance plasmids pAQU1 and IncFIB can persist in bacterial populations under very low selective pressure, including in non-culturable states. The plasmids retain their resistance genes, such as tet(M), tet(B), floR, mph(A)-like, mef(A)-like, and sul2, which confer resistance to tetracycline, florfenicol, macrolides, and sulfonamides.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes, including bla TEM-1, bla CTX-M, tet(A), and tet(B), carried by IncF plasmids in multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from Tanzanian water sources. These genes contribute to resistance against ampicillin, ceftazidime, and tetracycline.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in IncHI1 plasmids of Salmonella Typhimurium, including tet(B), tet(A), blaTEM, strA, strB, sul2, aadA, dfrA, catA1, aphA1a, and aad(3)IId, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as tetracycline, beta-lactam, streptomycin, sulfonamide, aminoglycoside, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim.

The study presents SSTAR, a software tool for identifying antimicrobial resistance (AR) genes from whole-genome sequencing data. It detects known AR genes and potential new variants, including truncated forms. The tool was applied to analyze resistance genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae ST437 and Escherichia coli ST44, revealing various beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside resistance genes, and porin mutations contributing to resistance.

The study identified numerous antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from river water, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant and extraintestinal pathogenic strains. Key resistance genes included blaTEM-1, aac(3)-IId, qnrB7, and others.

The study identified beta-lactam resistance gene bla CMY and tetracycline resistance genes tet (A) and tet (B) in multidrug-resistant E. coli and Salmonella isolates.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in E. coli isolates from marine bivalves, including bla TEM-1, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-15, and various aminoglycoside, trimethoprim, sulfonamide, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, quinolone, and macrolide resistance genes. These findings highlight the potential risk of MDR Enterobacteriaceae in marine environments.

The study identified and quantified the presence of tet(A) and tet(B) genes in conventional and organic baby foods, indicating the widespread distribution of tetracycline-resistant bacteria in both types of products.

The study identified a few antibiotic-resistant E. coli clones in Zimbabwean cows, including resistance to tetracycline, penicillins, and trimethoprim, but these were rare and subdominant.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in the multidrug-resistant, heat-resistant E. coli strain FAM21845, including beta-lactamase blaTEM-1, aminoglycoside resistance genes strA, strB, aadA1, aph(3')-Ic, aph(4)-Ia, aac(3)-IVa, sulfonamide resistance gene sul1, trimethoprim resistance gene dfrA1, tetracycline resistance gene tet(B), disinfectant resistance gene qacEΔ1, and biofilm-related genes mrkABCDF. Additionally, the strain carried genes for resistance to arsenic, silver, and copper.

The study identified 46 AMR genes or gene families in 90 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Kenya, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance and the diversity of resistance mechanisms.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from North Carolina community hospitals, including bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-14, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, qnrS1, and mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE that confer resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes, including bla_CMY-2, bla_TEM, aadA2, tet(A), tet(B), sul1, and sul2, in multiple Salmonella serotypes isolated from swine farm environments. These genes were found on plasmids and contributed to resistance against beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A isolates from Cambodia, including beta-lactamase (blaTEM-1B), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (catA1), sulfonamide resistance proteins (sul1, sul2), dihydrofolate reductase (dfrA7), tetracycline resistance protein (tet(B)), and streptomycin resistance protein (strAB). Additionally, mutations in the gyrA and gyrB genes were associated with decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility.

The study demonstrates the feasibility of rapid nanopore sequencing for detecting plasmid-borne antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in clinical isolates. It identifies several AMR genes, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, sulfonamide resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, macrolide resistance genes, and phenicol resistance genes, in both Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates.

The study identifies several AMR genes in an extensively drug-resistant E. coli ST1642 isolate, including blaKPC-2, blaSHV-11, blaTEM-1, aadA5, strA, strB, aac(3)-IId, mph(A), sul1, sul2, tet(B), dfrA17, and qnrS1, which contribute to resistance against multiple antibiotics.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in E. coli isolates from children with cystic fibrosis, cancer, and healthy controls, highlighting differences in resistance profiles between groups.

The study identifies bla CTX-M-15-positive E. coli isolates from food products in Germany, primarily associated with IncF-type plasmids and belonging to two predominant clonal lineages, ST167 and ST410. These isolates carry various resistance genes including aac(6')-Ib-cr, aadA5, bla OXA-1, catB3, mph(A), sul1, tet(B), and dfrA17.

The study identified a high prevalence of CTX-M-15-type ESBL-producing E. coli in migratory avian species in Pakistan, highlighting the role of wild birds as reservoirs of multidrug-resistant bacteria and the potential for horizontal gene transfer of resistance determinants.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in feedlots and urban wastewater, highlighting the prevalence of sulfonamide, tetracycline, macrolide, fluoroquinolone, and β-lactam resistance genes in different environments.

The study identifies clinically relevant ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae ST307 and E. coli ST38 in an urban West African rat population, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains carrying various resistance genes such as blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-9, and others.

The paper discusses the prevalence and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus species, particularly focusing on macrolide, lincosamide, and tetracycline resistance. Key genes identified include erm(B), erm(A), lnuB, lnuD, mefA, mefE, msr, tet(B), tet(K), tet(L), tet(M), tet(O), and tet(S).

The study identified and characterized multiple tetracycline resistance genes, including tet(A), tet(B), tet(M), tet(O), tet(O/W/32/O), tet(Q), and tet(X), in Riemerella anatipestifer isolates from ducks in China. The tet(X) gene was found to be the primary mechanism of tetracycline resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in STEC O117:H7 isolates, including the azithromycin resistance gene mphA, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, blaTEM-1B, blaTEM-1C, dfrA1, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA, dfrA5, ermB, strA, strB, sul1, sul2, tet(A), tet(B), qnrs1, and a mutation in gyrA (S83L) associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified the presence of tet(A) and tet(B) resistance genes in droppings of broiler chickens treated with chlortetracycline, indicating tetracycline resistance in E. coli isolates.

The study identifies the plasmid pSEA1 and the integrative element Tn 6283, which carry various antibiotic resistance genes including tet(M), mef(C), mph(G), sul2, catII, and bla, facilitating the spread of antibiotic resistance in aquatic environments.

The study identifies several AMR genes, including floR, tet(A), tet(B), tet(H), tet(l), tet(34), tet(35), aac(6')-Ib-cr, and intI1, associated with resistance to florfenicol, oxytetracycline, quinolones, and kanamycin in Chilean salmon farming environments.

The paper discusses the characterization of various antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), AmpC cephalosporinases, carbapenemases, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, fosfomycin resistance genes, and tetracycline resistance genes. These genes confer resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics, highlighting the complex nature of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in aEPEC isolates from children in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, highlighting the prevalence of resistance to multiple antibiotics, including ampicillin, streptomycin, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, and tetracycline.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in pathogenic E. coli isolates from broiler chickens in Egypt, including CITM, ere, aac(3)-(IV), tet(A), tet(B), dfr(A1), and aad(A1). These genes were associated with resistance to various antibiotics, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant E. coli in poultry.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in Riemerella anatipestifer, including aac(6')-Ib, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aac(3')-IIc, aac(3')-IV, aph(3')-VII, aph(2')-Ib, bla TEM, bla OXA, tet(A), tet(B), sul1, sul2, sul3, cat2, cmlA, floR, emrF, qnrS, and qnrD. Additionally, mutations in gyrA and parC were found to confer fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, including bla KPC-2, bla KPC-3, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-48, ampC, qnrB, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, armA, rmtB, tet(A), tet(B), tet(D), tet(G), sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA1, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA25, dfrA26, dfrA30, oqxA, oqxB, and mgrB, as well as mutations in ompK35, ompK36, gyrA, parC, phoP, phoQ, pmrA, and pmrB, which contribute to resistance against multiple antibiotics.

The study identifies a novel multi-resistance plasmid, pM3362MDR, in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, which carries the tetracycline resistance gene tet(B), as well as blaROB-1, sul2, and strA. The plasmid arose through illegitimate recombination between pTetHS016 and pOV.

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes tet(A) and tet(B) as the most common in commensal E. coli isolates from cattle farms, along with gene cassettes such as aadA1, dfrA1, dfrA12, sul1, cat1, and floR associated with class 1 integrons.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in S. Typhi isolates from Bangladesh, including blaTEM-1B, blaCTX-M-15, catA1, dfrA7, sul1, sul2, qnrS1, strA, strB, tet(A), tet(B), and mutations in gyrA and parE associated with ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study characterized the resistomes of six carbapenem-resistant pathogens, identifying various carbapenemase genes such as bla KPC-2, bla OXA-48, bla OXA-72, bla NDM-1, bla NDM-7, and bla VIM-1, along with other resistance genes like aac(6')-Ib-cr, aph(3")-Ib, aph(6)-Id, tet(B), erm(B), mph(A), sul1, sul2, dfrA17, dfrA14, bla CTX-M-15, bla CMY-6, bla OXA-1, bla SHV-200, bla OXA-10, and bla NDM-7.

The study identified multiple ESBL genes, including bla CTX-M-15, several bla SHV, bla TEM-63, and bla OXA-10, along with other AMR genes across diverse lineages of K. pneumoniae isolates from Malawi. No carbapenem resistance genes were detected, but plasmids similar to carbapenem resistance-associated plasmid pNDM-mar were found.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella Choleraesuis isolates, including aadA1, catA1, cmlA1, floR, mph(B), strA, strB, sul1, sul2, sul3, tet(A), tet(B), dfrA1, aph(3')-Ia, lnu(B), and blaTEM-1. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as streptomycin, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, trimethoprim, gentamicin, lincomycin, and ampicillin.

The study identified AMR genes sul2, tet(B), and tet39 in Acinetobacter baumannii strains, along with mutations in gyrA and parC associated with ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study identifies novel AMR genes and mutations in XDR H. parainfluenzae isolates, including catS, mef(E), tet(M), and tet(B) for resistance to chloramphenicol, macrolides, tetracycline, and co-trimoxazole, respectively. Mutations in PBP3, GyrA, ParC, ParE, rplD, and DHFR were also found to confer resistance to β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and co-trimoxazole.

The study reports the first clinical case of a KPC-3-producing Klebsiella michiganensis isolate in Europe, highlighting the emergence of this multidrug-resistant pathogen and the significance of molecular diagnostics in identifying novel resistance mechanisms.

The study demonstrates that chromosomal antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) can be transferred between Acinetobacter baumannii strains via prophages, highlighting the role of generalized transduction in the spread of resistance.

The study identified bla ctx-M and bla cmy-2 genes as major contributors to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC beta-lactamase resistance in E. coli isolates from a constructed wetland dominated by a crow roost. Tetracycline resistance was primarily mediated by tet (A), tet (B), and tet (M), while streptomycin resistance was linked to strA, strB, and aadA. Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim resistance was associated with the sul1 gene.

The study identified several AMR genes in Salmonella enterica isolates from Brazil, including qnrE1, qnrB19, qnrS1, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-8, blaCMY-2, aadA1, aadA2, aac(3)-IVa, aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')-Ib, floR, sul1, sul2, tet(A), tet(B), strA, strB, drfA1, inu(F), qacEdelta1, and fosA7. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones, beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, macrolides, quaternary ammonium compounds, and fosfomycin.

The study confirms the presence and expression of the tet(B) gene in Gram-positive bacteria, specifically in Streptococcus oralis, highlighting its potential as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes.

The study identified blaNDM genes as the primary cause of carbapenem resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from humans, pigs, chickens, and flies in rural China, highlighting the transmission of these resistance genes between humans and backyard animals.

The study characterized the resistome, mobilome, and virulome of 20 multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from Pretoria, South Africa. Key findings include the identification of various beta-lactamase genes (blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-27, blaOXA-1, blaOXA-10, blaTEM-1B), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(3)-IIa, aac(3)-IId, aac(6')-Ib-cr, mph(A)), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3), dihydrofolate reductase genes (dfrA17, dfrA14, dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, dfrA23), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B)), chloramphenicol resistance genes (catB3, catA1), and fluoroquinolone resistance mutations in gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE.

The study identified tet(A) and tet(B) as tetracycline resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from pigs, with tet(A) being more prevalent in the antimicrobial group and tet(B) in the non-antimicrobial group.

The study identifies several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated from German surface waters, highlighting the presence of clinically relevant resistance mechanisms such as bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15, mcr-1, and others.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations in Haemophilus influenzae, highlighting the role of horizontal gene transfer in the development of multidrug resistance. Key findings include the identification of blaTEM-1, catA2-like, tet(B), and catP genes, as well as mutations in the ftsI gene that confer resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins.

The study identifies several AMR genes in E. coli isolates, including tet(A), tet(B), blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, sul1, sul2, sul3, cmlA, aac(3)-II, aac(3)-IV, aadA, and strA-strB, which confer resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, cefoxitin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and streptomycin.

The study identifies the mcr-1 gene as a key factor in colistin resistance in E. coli strains isolated from polluted rivers and wild birds. It also characterizes several other AMR genes including aadA1, aadA2, aph(3′)-Ia, aph(3″)-Ib, aph(4)-Ia, aph(6)-Id, tet(B), tet(D), tet(A), bla CTX–M–14, bla TEM–1, qnrS2, oqxA, oqxB, cmlA1, floR, vgaC, sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA12, and glpT (E448K).

The study identified various AMR genes in CTX-M-producing E. coli isolates from peri-urban wild animals in Brazil, including bla CTX-M-55, bla CTX-M-2, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-14, and others, indicating the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in wildlife.

The study characterizes a novel mobilizable genomic island, GEI-D18A, in the multidrug-resistant strain Rheinheimera sp. D18, which carries several antibiotic resistance genes including aadA1, aacA3, tet(B), catA, dfrA37, and three sul1 genes. The transferability of GEI-D18A was confirmed through mating experiments, demonstrating its role in the conjugational transfer of antibiotic resistance genes.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in Salmonella Typhi isolates, including beta-lactamases (blaTEM-1B, blaTEM-116), chloramphenicol resistance gene (catA1), trimethoprim resistance genes (dfrA7, dfrA15), sulfamethoxazole resistance genes (sul1, sul2), and fluoroquinolone resistance mutations in gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes.

The study identified various AMR genes in cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates from cattle and sheep in the Basque Country, including bla CTX-M-14, bla CMY-2, and others, highlighting the prevalence of ESBL and AmpC-producing strains.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Bolivia, including bla OXA-23, strA, strB, aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')-Ian, sul2, tet(B), bla TEM-1B, and aadB, which contribute to resistance against carbapenems, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, tetracycline, and beta-lactams.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in E. coli isolates from diseased chickens in the Czech Republic, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains with resistance to β-lactams, quinolones, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines.

The study identified the presence of tetracycline resistance genes (tet(B), tet(K), tet(L), tet(O)) and the sulfonamide resistance gene sulIII in wastewater treatment plant samples. These genes were detected in both raw influent and final effluent samples, indicating their persistence through the treatment process.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in retail raw milk, including bla CMY-2, aph (3')-Ib, aph (6)-Id, bla TEM-1B, mdf(A), catA2, sul2, tet(B), and dfrA14, which confer resistance to various antibiotics. These genes were found in E. coli and other bacteria, and some were transferable between species.

The study identified various AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates, including beta-lactamases (blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-55, blaOXA-1, blaCMY-2, blaOXA, blaCMY), phenicol resistance genes (catB3, cmlA1, floR, catA1, catA2, oqxA, oqxB), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(6')-Ib-cr5, aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxA2, qepA1, qnrS1), sulfonamide and trimethoprim resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA12, dfrA7), and tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), tet(M)).

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in ESBL-producing bacteria from Norwegian freshwater environments, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains with resistance to various antibiotics including beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and sulfonamides.

The study identified multiple AMR genes, including bla CTX-M-55, bla CMY-2, bla CTX-M-1, bla SHV-12, sul2, aac(3)-Ia, aadA, strA, strB, tet(A), tet(B), dfrA14, floR, cmlA1, catA1, catB3, qnrS1, qnrS2, qnrB19, mph(A), mph(B), arr-3, and aac(6')Ib-cr, in ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli isolates from broiler production.

The study developed an optimized NGS-based workflow for plasmid reconstruction, enabling the identification of AMR genes such as mcr-1.1, blaTEM-1B, and others, which are critical for understanding the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance.

The study identified 55 different antimicrobial resistance determinants in diarrheal pathogens, highlighting the presence of genes conferring resistance to multiple antibiotic classes, including beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, phenicols, sulfonamides, and others. Notably, carbapenemase genes like bla OXA-48 and bla NDM were detected in certain isolates, indicating emerging resistance concerns.

The study identifies several AMR genes in a multi-drug-resistant Shigella flexneri strain, including bla DHA, bla OXA-1, tet(B), catA1, dfrA1, mph(A), ermB, qnrB, aadA, and qacEΔ1, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, macrolides, quinolones, aminoglycosides, and quaternary ammonium compounds.

The study identifies a novel integrative conjugative element, ICE Hpa1, carrying seven distinct resistance genes in Haemophilus parasuis, highlighting its role in multidrug resistance.

The study identified tet(B) as a tetracycline resistance gene in E. coli isolated from wild rodents, highlighting the presence of antimicrobial resistance in these populations.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in phage-susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii strains, including sulfonamide, tetracycline, beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, macrolide, and phenicol resistance genes. These findings highlight the complex resistance profiles of these strains and their potential implications for therapeutic strategies.

The study identifies several AMR genes, including blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M, tet(A), tet(B), strA, and strB, in E. coli isolates from crows and wetland water, highlighting the potential for these genes to be transferred via plasmids and contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in mink pathogens, including beta-lactamases (blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-1), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B)), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aadA5, aadA1), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul2), dihydrofolate reductase genes (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA8, dfrA14), macrolide/lincosamide/streptogramin B resistance genes (erm), lincomycin resistance gene (lnu(A)), spectinomycin resistance gene (spc), and additional sulfonamide and trimethoprim resistance genes (sul1, sul3, dfrK, dfrG).

The study identified the tet(B) gene as a significant contributor to tetracycline and minocycline resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates, with 61.7% of tetracycline-resistant isolates carrying this gene.

The review highlights the mechanisms of resistance to tetracyclines, including efflux pumps (tet(K), tet(L), tet(B)), ribosomal protection proteins (tet(M)), and enzymatic deactivation (tet(X)). These genes confer resistance to tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, and omadacycline in various bacterial pathogens.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in the multidrug-resistant A. baumannii NCCP 16007 strain, including pmrC, pmrB, blaOXA-23, and various aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and beta-lactam resistance genes, contributing to its high resistance to polymyxin B and other antibiotics.

The study identified several β-lactamase genes, including bla CTX-M-5, bla OXA-1, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-3, and bla TEM-1, which contribute to extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production in multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolates. Additionally, a mutation in the gyrA gene (D87N) was linked to quinolone resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli isolates from poultry farms in Malaysia, including aac(3)-IV, tet(A), tet(B), and sul1, which confer resistance to gentamicin, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides.

The study identified multiple clades of IMP-producing Enterobacter cloacae complex sequence type 78 (ST78) strains causing an institutional outbreak. These strains carried blaIMP-1 and blaIMP-11 genes on IncHI2 and IncL/M plasmids, along with various other resistance genes such as aac(6')-IIc, qnrB6, fosA, sul1, and tet(B).

The study identified various AMR genes in E. coli isolates from German broiler farms, including beta-lactamases (blaTEM-1A, blaTEM-1B, blaTEM-1C, blaCTX-M-1, blaCMY-2), quinolone resistance genes (qnrB19, qnrS1), chloramphenicol resistance gene (cat1), tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2), dihydrofolate reductase genes (drfA1, drfA5, drfA14, drfA17), aminoglycoside resistance gene (aadA1), and efflux pump genes (sugEp, qacEΔ1, mdfA).

The study identified various ESBL and qAmpC genes in E. coli isolates from cats, highlighting the presence of bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-55, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-9, bla TEM, bla SHV-28, and bla CMY-2, along with other resistance genes such as tet(A), tet(B), sul1, sul2, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and armA.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from chronic wounds in Ghana, including beta-lactamases, fosfomycin resistance genes, chloramphenicol resistance genes, aminoglycoside resistance genes, fluoroquinolone resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, sulfonamide resistance genes, trimethoprim resistance genes, and efflux pumps. Mutations in gyrA, parE, and parC were also found to contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies various ESBL and AmpC beta-lactamase genes, including bla SHV-12, bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-2, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-52, and bla CMY-2, along with the mcr-1 gene conferring colistin resistance in E. coli isolates from food animals in Europe.

The study identified various AMR genes in commensal E. coli strains from wildlife, including bla TEM-1, bla CTX-M-1, tet(A), tet(B), and several resistance gene cassettes in integrons. These genes were found to confer resistance to multiple antibiotics, highlighting the presence of AMR in wildlife E. coli populations.

The study identifies several AMR genes including bla OXA-23, bla OXA-24, bla OXA-51, and various aminoglycoside, sulfonamide, tetracycline, and macrolide resistance genes in XDR A. baumannii isolates from Romania.

The study identified the presence of the human pandemic ST131-CTX-M-15-O25-B2 clone and high-risk clonal lineages of ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli isolates from diarrheic poultry in Tunisia, highlighting the emergence of multidrug-resistant clones with various virulence determinants.

The study identified multiple acquired antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in 189 German Acinetobacter baumannii strains, including blaADC.25, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-66, ant(3")-IIa, sul2, tet.B, mph.E, msr.E, and blaTEM, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, carbapenems, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and macrolides.

The study identified multiple tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(D), tet(E), and tet(G)) in Salmonella spp. strains isolated from animals and food, highlighting the prevalence of these genes and their potential role in the spread of antibiotic resistance.

The study identifies genes and mutations associated with synergy between polymyxin B and minocycline or rifampin against E. coli producing NDM and OXA-48-group carbapenemases. Key findings include the tetracycline efflux gene tet(B), lipid A biosynthesis genes lpxK and eptA, and the lipid A modifying enzyme arnT as being associated with synergy.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates, including beta-lactamases (blaCMY-2, blaSHV-12, blaTEM-52, blaCTX-M-1), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(3)-IV, aadA, strA, strB, aph(3')-Ib), sulfonamide resistance gene (sul1), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B)), trimethoprim resistance gene (dfrA), quinolone resistance genes (qnrS1, qnrS2, qnrB19), macrolide resistance genes (mph(A), mph(B)), and chloramphenicol resistance gene (catA1).

The study identified the predominance of CTX-M-15 and high genetic diversity among ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, including bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-1, bla KPC-2/3, bla SHV-12, bla SHV-27, bla SHV-11, bla SHV-28, tet(A), and tet(B) genes.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella spp. isolates from poultry farms in Malaysia, including blaTEM, tet(A), tet(B), catA1, cat2, floR, sul1, and sul2, which confer resistance to beta-lactams, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and sulfonamides.

The study identified 17 unique AMR genes in 53% of the 81 S. enterica isolates, including genes encoding resistance to tetracycline, beta-lactam, sulfonamide, quinolone, aminoglycoside, phenicol, and trimethoprim.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in E. coli and Salmonella spp., including aadA1, aph(3"-Ib, aph(6)-Id, blaTEM-1, sul2, tet(A), and tet(B) in E. coli, and arsA, arsB, arsC, iroB, and iroC in Salmonella spp. Additionally, virulence genes such as epeA, stxA2d, stxB2c, subA, and subB were found to be unique to outbreak E. coli.

The study identified several AMR genes in MDR Salmonella strains, including bla TEM, bla CTXM, bla OXA, sul II, tet (A), and tet (B). These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, tetracycline, and tigecycline.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in invasive Salmonella serovars in The Gambia, including blaTEM-1B, aph(3'')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, catA1, dfrA7, sul1, sul2, tet(B), and fosA7. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, penicillin, gentamicin, kanamycin, tobramycin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolones.

A single Escherichia coli isolate from edible insects was found to be resistant to tetracyclines, carrying the tet(B) gene. Another isolate carried the qnrS2 gene, which is associated with quinolone resistance.

The study identified various CTX-M-type beta-lactamase genes, including bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-32, bla CTX-M-55, and bla CTX-M-65, as well as other beta-lactamase genes such as bla TEM-1, bla CARB-2, and bla CMY-2 in ESBL E. coli isolates from sheep and their abattoir environment. Additional AMR genes related to aminoglycosides, macrolides, phenicols, quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim were also detected.

The study identified bla OXA-23 as the primary cause of carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Afghanistan, along with various other resistance genes for sulfonamides, macrolides, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides.

The study identified various AMR genes in two multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains, ACC001 and ACC002, including aminoglycoside resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, beta-lactamases, and sulfonamide resistance genes. These genes contribute to resistance against multiple antibiotics such as gentamicin, tobramycin, tetracycline, penicillins, cephalosporins, and sulfonamides.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations contributing to ciprofloxacin and tigecycline resistance in XDR Salmonella enterica isolates, including qepA, qnrS, qnrA, tet(A), and gyrA mutations. Overexpression of ramA was also linked to resistance.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in non-typhoidal Salmonella, including bla TEM-1, bla TEM-135, strAB, sul1, sul2, tet(A), tet(B), floR, bla CMY-2, bla CTX-M-55, and bla CTX-M-65, along with mutations in gyrA and parC contributing to ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study presents the MALDI Tet(X)-plus test, a rapid and reliable method for detecting Tet(X)-producers, non-Tet(X)-producing tetracycline-resistant, and tetracycline-susceptible Gram-negative bacteria. It identifies various tetracycline resistance genes such as tet(A), tet(B), tet(D), tet(G), tet(M), tet(X3), tet(X4), tet(X2)-tet(X6), tet(X3)-tet(X6), and TMexCD1-TOprJ1.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in 19 ESBL-positive E. coli isolates from Benin, including bla CTX-M-15, bla OXA-1, bla TEM-1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrS1, tet(B), sul2, and dfrA17, as well as mutations in parC and gyrA associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies a multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella Heidelberg outbreak linked to dairy calf exposure, highlighting the presence of plasmid-borne resistance genes such as aadA1, aph(3')-Ia, bla CMY-2, floR, fosA7, qnrB19, strA, strB, sull, sul2, tet(A), tet(B), tet(O), and a novel gene dfrA34.

The study identified various AMR genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from humans and animals on St. Kitts, including bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1b, bla TEM-206, bla OXA-1, and others, highlighting host-specific differences in resistance profiles.

The study identifies the mcr-1.1 gene on IncX4 and IncHI2 plasmids as the primary determinant of colistin resistance in Salmonella enterica ST34 isolates from meat products in Spain. Additionally, the bla CMY-2 gene on an IncI1-I(α) plasmid was found to confer resistance to cefotaxime and cefoxitin.

The study identified antibiotic resistance genes blaSHV, blaCTX-M, qnrS, tet(A), and tet(B) in thermotolerant E. coli strains from raw milk cheese, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains and the need for monitoring antimicrobial resistance in food products.

The study identifies several beta-lactamase genes, including blaCTX-M-1, blaKPC-2, blaTEM-350, blaOXA-1, and blaCTX-M-15, as well as various aminoglycoside, macrolide, and tetracycline resistance genes in cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates from hospital and urban wastewater. Mutations in parC, parE, and gyrA contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in E. coli populations from cattle manure, including genes conferring resistance to tetracycline, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, and glycopeptides. These genes were found to be associated with mobile genetic elements, highlighting the potential for horizontal gene transfer.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in highly drug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from veal calves, including blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M-15, mph(A), erm(B), aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrS1, aadA5, aadA1, aph(3')-Ic, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-Ib, aph(6')-Id, sul1, sul2, tet(A), and tet(B). Additionally, mutations in gyrA (S83L, D87N) and parC (A56T) were found to contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from The Gambia, including aac(6')-Iaa_1, aph_3_Ib, aph_6_Id, dfrA14, dfrA7, dfrA8, blaTEM-1B, catA1_1, fosA7_1, mph_A, sul1, sul2, tet_A, and tet_B. These genes confer resistance to aminoglycosides, trimethoprim, beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, fosfomycin, macrolides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines. The study also found that multidrug resistance (MDR) was primarily associated with Salmonella serovar Enteritidis, especially in the eastern region.

The study identified multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from surface water in north-western Mexico, including international high-risk lineages ST410 and ST617. These isolates carried various AMR genes such as blaTEM-1B, blaCTX-M-15, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aac(3)-IIa, aac(3)-IId, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3'')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, floR, cmlA1, lnu(F), mdf(A), sul2, sul3, tet(A), tet(B), dfrA12, and dfrA17. Additionally, mutations in gyrA (S83L, D87N), parC (S80I), and parE (S458A) were found to contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified the presence of the MDR module and SGI-4 in Salmonella enterica serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- strains, which confer resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes including ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline.