The study identified tet(M), tet(L), and tet(S) genes as the primary tetracycline resistance mechanisms in Enterococcus isolates from food, with tet(M) being the most prevalent.

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes (tet(M) and tet(L)) and an erythromycin resistance gene (erm(B)) in Enterococcus strains isolated from an Irish artisanal cheese.

The study identified tet(B), tet(O), tet(H), and tet(L) genes in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates from Spain, all of which confer tetracycline resistance through efflux mechanisms.

The study identifies various AMR genes in Enterococcus faecalis, including blaZ, ermB, tetM, and vanA, which confer resistance to beta-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, and glycopeptides, respectively.

The study found that high concentrations of chlortetracycline (CTC) selected for increased tetracycline resistance in aerobic bacterial populations, with a greater diversity of tet resistance genes detected in the high-CTC chemostat compared to low-CTC and control chemostats.

The study identifies mosaic tetracycline resistance genes, including tet(W/32/O) and tet(O/W/32/O/W/O) in Bifidobacterium thermophilum and Lactobacillus johnsonii, as well as a third determinant, tet(L), in B. thermophilum.

The study identifies various genes in Streptococcus suis strains that are associated with virulence and potential drug resistance, highlighting the genomic diversity and evolution of this pathogen.

The paper provides an updated overview of drug efflux pumps in bacteria, focusing on their structure, mechanisms, and roles in multidrug resistance. It highlights the importance of RND, MFS, MATE, SMR, and ABC transporters in efflux-mediated resistance.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in MRSA strains causing a skin lesion in a Spanish patient, including mecA, tetK, tetL, tetM, ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA, aph(2')-acc(6'), ant(4')-Ia, aph(3')-III, and dfrK, along with quinolone resistance mutations in grlA and gyrA.

The study identified multiple tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(W), tet(C), tet(J), tet(L), tet(D), tet(Y), and tet(K)) in environmental bacteria from an oxytetracycline production wastewater treatment plant and the receiving river, highlighting the widespread dissemination of these genes in aquatic environments exposed to high levels of antibiotic residues.

The study reports the first tetracycline resistance-encoding plasmid, pBHS24, from a marine sponge-associated bacterium, Bacillus sp. strain #24, which confers tetracycline resistance through the tet(L) gene.

The study reports the presence and expression of tet(L) in Streptococcus suis strains and highlights the co-expression of multiple tetracycline resistance genes contributing to high MIC levels against tetracycline.

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes tet(M), tet(O), and tet(L), and erythromycin resistance gene erm(B) in Streptococcus suis serotype 2 strains isolated from slaughterhouse pigs in southern Vietnam.

The study identified various tetracycline resistance genes, including tet(M), tet(L), erm(T), tet(W), tet(O), and tet(X), in the gut microbiota of a mother and her infant. It also discovered a novel composite transposon, Tn 6079, carrying tet(M), tet(L), and erm(T) in the infant's gut, highlighting the potential for horizontal gene transfer and maternal transmission of antibiotic resistance.

The study identifies the tetracycline resistance genes tet(M) and tet(L) on a 19.6-kb plasmid from a dairy Enterococcus faecium isolate, demonstrating their functionality and transmissibility.

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes tetL and tet(O/W/32/O) in the plasmid pSGG1 of Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus strain BAA-2069, highlighting the role of plasmids in lateral gene transfer and tetracycline resistance.

The study identified numerous antibiotic resistance (AR) genes in gulls, including both known and previously undescribed ones. It highlights the significant diversity of AR genes in gulls, emphasizing their potential role in spreading resistance genes between human and environmental habitats.

The study identifies eight tetracycline resistance genes (tetB, tetC, tetD, tetH, tetL, tetY, tetM, and tetW) in the gut microbiota of honeybees, highlighting the accumulation of resistance determinants due to long-term antibiotic exposure in beekeeping practices.

The study identifies novel erm(T)-carrying multiresistance plasmids from porcine and human isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398, which also harbor cadmium and copper resistance determinants.

The study identifies various AMR genes in Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus spp. isolated from U.S. food animals, including aac(3'), aac(6'), aadA, aadA1, aadA2, aadA12, aphAI, aph(3')-Ii-iv, strA, strB, bla CMY-2, bla TEM-1, bla PSE-1, floR, cmlA, cat1, cat2, sul1, sul2, dfr1, dfrA10, tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(D), tet(G), and tetR.

The study identifies three previously undescribed tetracycline resistance plasmids (pAST1, pAST2, pAST3) and one previously reported plasmid (pAST4) from activated sludge, which confer tetracycline resistance in Acinetobacter oleivorans DR1.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in Enterococcus faecium isolates from wastewater, marine outfalls, and river environments, including pbp5, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2"), ant(6')-Ia, tet(M), and tet(L). Mutations in gyrA (S84R) were associated with ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study identified the presence of tet(L), tet(M), and tet(S) genes in food-borne Enterococcus faecalis isolates, highlighting their role in tetracycline resistance and the potential for horizontal gene transfer via aggregation substances and pheromone-mediated conjugation.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterococcus faecalis isolated from retail chicken products in Japan, including aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia, tet(L), tet(M), tet(O), and erm(B). These genes were associated with resistance to various antibiotics such as kanamycin, gentamicin, streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, oxytetracycline, and erythromycin.

The study identifies several AMR genes, including aac(6')-aph(2")-Ia, vanA, vanB, tetM, ermB, aph(3')-IIIa, and sat4, which are associated with resistance to aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, and streptothricin in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis.

The study found that tylosin phosphate administration increased the proportion of erythromycin and tylosin resistant enterococci, but withdrawal reduced their prevalence. The resistance was primarily mediated by the erm(B) gene and msrC gene.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Bacillus spp. isolated from probiotic products used in shrimp culture, including ermD (macrolide resistance), tetL (tetracycline resistance), fexA (phenicol resistance), and dfrD, dfrG, dfrK (trimethoprim resistance). These genes were detected through whole genome sequencing of multiple antimicrobial-resistant Bacillus isolates.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from pigs in Nigeria, including mecA, blaZ, erm(C), erm(B), str, tet(K), tet(M), tet(L), dfrG, dfrK, aacA/aphD, aphA3, cat pC221, and cat pC223. Additionally, a Ser84Leu mutation in the gyrA gene was found to confer ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study identified several plasmid-mediated resistance genes in fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria, including aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrS, qnrD, oqx A, blaTEM, blaOXA, blaCTX-M, blaSHV, tet(A), tet(K), tet(L), and tet(S). These genes were found to confer resistance to fluoroquinolones, beta-lactams, and tetracyclines.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from meat products, including resistance to β-lactams, macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and others.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in Enterococcus faecalis isolates from macaque cephalic implants, highlighting the presence of high-level aminoglycoside resistance, tetracycline resistance, and bacitracin resistance. These findings emphasize the complexity of AMR in clinical settings and the need for targeted antimicrobial strategies.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in Enterococcus faecalis isolates from macaque cephalic implants, highlighting the presence of high-level aminoglycoside resistance, tetracycline resistance, and bacitracin resistance. These findings emphasize the complexity of AMR in clinical settings and the need for targeted antimicrobial strategies.

The study identified the transfer of vancomycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline resistance genes among Enterococcus species, highlighting the potential for horizontal gene transfer in agrarian environments.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in Enterococcus spp. isolated from bovine feces, including erm(B) for macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance, tet(L), tet(M), and tet(O) for tetracycline resistance, and the vanC operon for glycopeptide resistance.

The study identified four tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(L), tet(M), and tet(S)) in cheese bacteria using functional metagenomics.

The study identifies the tetracycline resistance gene tet(L) as a significant contributor to the antimicrobial resistance profile of the S. argenteus ST2250 clone, highlighting its association with livestock-associated S. aureus.

The study identified the presence of CA-MRSA ST93-IV and LA-MRSA ST398-V in Australian pigs, farm workers, and the environment. It also reported the first linezolid-resistant MRSA isolate in Australia. Resistance mechanisms included genes such as blaZ, ermC, fexA, tetK, tetL, vgaA, lnuB, aadD, aadE, and cfr.

The study identified several tetracycline, macrolide, and aminoglycoside resistance genes in Lactobacillus isolates from chickens, highlighting the presence of resistance mechanisms in these bacteria.

The study identifies mcr-1.10 and mcr-2.2 variant genes in Moraxella species isolated from pigs in Great Britain, along with eptA, which confer resistance to colistin. Additionally, bla BRO-1 and tetL genes were found to confer resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline respectively.

The study identified several AMR genes including ermB, ermC, gyrA, tetM, tetL, and vanA in Enterococcus isolates from Sucuk, highlighting the potential for these bacteria to serve as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes.

The study identifies tetO as the primary tetracycline resistance gene in Campylobacter jejuni isolates from beef cattle and highlights gyrA mutations, particularly Thr86Ile, as a major cause of fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies several tetracycline resistance genes (tet B, tet L, tet Z, tet M, tet O, and tet X) in cultivable tetracycline-resistant bacteria from pig manure and soil, highlighting the diversity and abundance of these genes following pig manure application.

The paper discusses the prevalence and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus species, particularly focusing on macrolide, lincosamide, and tetracycline resistance. Key genes identified include erm(B), erm(A), lnuB, lnuD, mefA, mefE, msr, tet(B), tet(K), tet(L), tet(M), tet(O), and tet(S).

The study identifies a significant increase in macrolide resistance among Streptococcus agalactiae isolates causing invasive disease in non-pregnant adults in Portugal, primarily linked to the expansion of a specific capsular-transformed lineage (CC1) harboring resistance genes such as erm(B), erm(TR), erm(T), mef(E), tet(M), tet(O), and tet(L).

The study identifies several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Streptococcus suis isolates, including tetM, lnuB, erm(B), tetO, tetL, and aph3′, which confer resistance to tetracycline, clindamycin, erythromycin, and aminoglycosides.

The study identified several AMR genes in GBS isolates from urine in Suzhou, including tetM, ermB, mefE, lnuB, and others, associated with resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identifies several AMR genes, including floR, tet(A), tet(B), tet(H), tet(l), tet(34), tet(35), aac(6')-Ib-cr, and intI1, associated with resistance to florfenicol, oxytetracycline, quinolones, and kanamycin in Chilean salmon farming environments.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in five Bacillus species, including a putative chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene in Bacillus megaterium, a tetracycline efflux gene (tet(L)) in Bacillus velezensis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and an erythromycin resistance gene (ermD) in Bacillus paralicheniformis and Bacillus licheniformis.

The study identified several AMR genes, including aminoglycoside resistance genes (ksgA, strA, strB), beta-lactam resistance genes (blaCARB-4, blaCMY-1, blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-12, blaDHA-1, blaOXA-1, blaSHV-1, blaSHV-37, blaSHV-3, blaTEM-1A, blaTEM-1B), and tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetK, tetL), that were enriched in the gut microbiota of healthy adults following amoxicillin-clavulanic acid treatment.

The study identifies several AMR genes, including floR, fexA, and various tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetE, tetH, tetL, tetM, tet34, tet35), associated with resistance to florfenicol and oxytetracycline in gut bacteria from salmon farms. These genes were found in multiple bacterial species, highlighting the widespread nature of AMR in aquatic environments.

The study identified the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes msrC, tet(M), and tet(L) in Enterococcus spp. isolates from wild and captive black capuchin monkeys in South Brazil, indicating the spread of resistance mechanisms in these bacterial populations.

The study identifies various tetracycline, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and aminoglycoside resistance genes in Lactobacillus species, highlighting their potential role in antimicrobial resistance and horizontal gene transfer.

The study identified several tetracycline, macrolide, and lincosamide resistance genes in turkey-derived lactobacilli, including tetL, tetM, tetW, ermB, ermC, lnuA, aadE, ant(6)-Ia, cat, and lsaE. These genes were associated with resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, lincomycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tiamulin.

The study reports the draft genome sequence of Enterococcus faecalis 24FS, highlighting its multiple-antibiotic resistance traits, including resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim, streptothricin, and streptomycin, along with potential virulence factors.

The study identified several AMR genes including ermC, tetK, aac6-aph2a, aph(2)-ic, aadD, aph3-III, and ermB in Gram-positive pathogens isolated from the International Space Station. These genes conferred resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, kanamycin, and other antibiotics.

The study identifies the ST108 lineage of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis as having an agricultural origin, with multiple resistance genes including vanA, ermB, tetL, tetM, and bcr operon components contributing to its persistence in New Zealand.

The study identified several AMR genes in enterococcal isolates, including aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, ant(6')-Ia, ermB, msrA/B, tetK, tetL, tetM, vanB, vanC1, and optrA, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as gentamicin, streptomycin, macrolides, lincosamides, tetracyclines, vancomycin, and linezolid.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes in Scottish vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) isolates, including aac(6')-Ii, aac(6')-aph(2''), ermB, pbp5-R, vanA, ant(9)-Ia, tetL, and dfrG. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics, highlighting the multidrug-resistant nature of the isolates.

The study identified several AMR genes in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) isolates from poultry in Poland, including blaZ, mecA, tetK, tetL, ermA, ermB, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, msrA/B, and cfr. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, methicillin, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, aminoglycosides, phenicols, oxazolidinones, pleuromutilins, and streptogramin A.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in MRSA isolates from German broiler farms, including tet(K), tet(L), tet(M), erm(B), vga(A), dfrK, spc, and cat(pC221), which confer resistance to tetracycline, MLS B antibiotics, tiamulin, trimethoprim, spectinomycin, and chloramphenicol, respectively.

The study characterizes the AMR genes and mutations in Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus isolates from China, identifying erm(B), erm(A), erm(T), mef(A/E), tet(L), tet(O), and tet(M) as major contributors to erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline resistance.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations associated with reduced oxacillin susceptibility in equine Staphylococcus aureus isolates, including blaZ, aadD, dfrG, tet(L), and aacA-aphD, along with various mutations in genes such as FemA, FemB, FemX, CcpA, GdpP, and PBP1-4.

The study identifies various AMR genes and mutations in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis strains isolated from a children's hospital in Mexico City, highlighting the presence of genes such as blaZ, mecA, and others, as well as mutations in gyrA and rpoB contributing to resistance.

The study identified various AMR genes in S. aureus isolates, including mecA, pvl, czrC, qacA/B, aac(6')/aph(2), aph(3'-III), msrA, ermA, ermC, mphC, tetK, tetL, tetM, cat::pC221, cat::pC223, cat::pC194, dfrA, dfrB, and dfrG, which confer resistance to multiple antibiotics such as oxacillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes, including blaZ, tet(K), tet(L), tet(M), and various erm genes, in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food products in Denmark. Additionally, the tst gene was detected in CC398 and CC45 isolates, indicating the presence of toxic shock syndrome toxin.

The study identified several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Enterococcus spp. isolated from wastewater treatment plants, including vancomycin resistance genes (vanA, vanM, vanG, vanC), macrolide resistance genes (ermB, msrC), tetracycline resistance genes (tetL), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aad(6'), aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia, ant(9')-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, SAT-4, ant(6')-Ia), chloramphenicol resistance gene (cat), dihydrofolate reductase genes (dfrE, dfrF, dfrG), and lincosamide resistance genes (InuB, InuG).

The study identifies various AMR genes and mutations in Enterococcus faecium and Enterobacter hormaechei isolates from a liver transplant patient, highlighting their roles in resistance to multiple antibiotics.

The study identified several AMR genes in Enterococcus spp., including erm(B), tet(M), optrA, dfrE, lsa(A), aac(6')-Ib, eat(A), ant(6)-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, sat4, tet(L), bcrB, bcrC, dfrF, and dfrG, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as macrolides, tetracyclines, oxazolidinones, trimethoprim, and aminoglycosides.

The study identified several AMR genes in enterococci isolated from feedlot cattle, including erm(B), msr(C), tet(L), tet(M), and tet(O), which confer resistance to macrolides and tetracyclines.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes, including blaZ, vanB, tetK, tetL, and msrA/B, in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from milk. These genes were associated with resistance to penicillin, vancomycin, tetracycline, and macrolides. Additionally, biofilm-forming genes icaA, icaB, icaC, icaD, and bap were detected, highlighting the potential public health risk posed by these isolates.

The study identified a novel Tn916-like element from a human saliva metagenomic library, which encodes the tetracycline resistance genes tet(M) and tet(L).

The study identified multiple AMR genes in Staphylococcus and Streptococcus isolates from bovine milk, including blaZ, mecA, erm(C), aac(aph)D, tetK, tetL, tetM, lnuA, erm(A), erm(B), aphA-3, aad-6, and optrA, indicating widespread resistance to beta-lactams, macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and linezolid.

The study characterizes two S. aureus ST398 strains, one methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and one methicillin-susceptible (MSSA), isolated from a pig transporter. The MRSA strain harbors the mecA gene, while the MSSA strain lacks it due to a large deletion. Both strains exhibit resistance to several antibiotics including tetracycline, lincosamides, aminoglycosides, and trimethoprim.

The study identified the presence of tetracycline resistance genes (tet(B), tet(K), tet(L), tet(O)) and the sulfonamide resistance gene sulIII in wastewater treatment plant samples. These genes were detected in both raw influent and final effluent samples, indicating their persistence through the treatment process.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in Enterococcus species isolated from yaks, including ermA, ermB, tetA, tetB, tetM, tetL, cat, optrA, and poxtA. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and linezolid. Additionally, a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterococcus strains was observed.

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes tet(M) and tet(L) in Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus anginosus, and the lsaA gene associated with resistance to clindamycin and quinupristin-dalfopristin in E. faecalis. These genes were validated through PCR, genome sequencing, and functional analysis.

The study identified the oxazolidinone resistance gene optrA in Enterococcus faecalis isolates from Bangladesh, along with other resistance genes such as erm(B), aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, tet(M), and tet(L). Mutations in gyrA and parC were associated with levofloxacin resistance.

The study identified twelve antimicrobial resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Enterococcus isolates from freshwater, including genes conferring resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, tylosin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and ciprofloxacin. These genes were detected through PCR and sequencing, highlighting the diversity of resistance mechanisms in environmental Enterococcus.

A novel tet(L) variant was identified in Campylobacter spp. of chicken origin, which confers resistance to tetracycline, doxycycline, and tigecycline through an efflux mechanism.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) isolates from a cattle feedlot, including vanC1, vanC2/C3, vanXY-C, VanR, macA, macB, rlmA (II), erm(A), aac(6')-la, blaEC, tet(A), tet(L), S10p, gyrA, gyrB, msbA, S12p, rpoB, mdfA/cmr, liaF, liaR, liaS, bcrC, mprF, pgsA, ef-G, ef-TU, ddl, alr, kasA, isotRNA, inhA, fabl, murA, folA, and Dfr, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as vancomycin, macrolides, aminoglycosides, β-lactams, tetracyclines, quinolones, and others.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) isolates from a cattle feedlot, including vanC1, vanC2/C3, vanXY-C, VanR, macA, macB, rlmA (II), erm(A), aac(6')-la, blaEC, tet(A), tet(L), S10p, gyrA, gyrB, msbA, S12p, rpoB, mdfA/cmr, liaF, liaR, liaS, bcrC, mprF, pgsA, ef-G, ef-TU, ddl, alr, kasA, isotRNA, inhA, fabl, murA, folA, and Dfr, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as vancomycin, macrolides, aminoglycosides, β-lactams, tetracyclines, quinolones, and others.

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes tetM, tetL, and tetO, macrolide/lincosamide resistance genes ermTR, ermB, and lnu, and aminoglycoside resistance gene aac(6')-Ib in Streptococcus agalactiae isolates. Additionally, mutations in gyrA and parC were associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes tet(L) and tet(K) in non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) from retail chicken meat, and mutations in the quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDR) of gyrA and parC contributing to fluoroquinolone resistance in S. agnetis and S. chromogenes.

The study identified tetB and tetL genes as tetracycline resistance genes in Moraxella catarrhalis. Mutations in the 16S rRNA genes (C1036T and/or G460A) were associated with omadacycline resistance.

The review highlights the mechanisms of resistance to tetracyclines, including efflux pumps (tet(K), tet(L), tet(B)), ribosomal protection proteins (tet(M)), and enzymatic deactivation (tet(X)). These genes confer resistance to tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, and omadacycline in various bacterial pathogens.

The study identified multidrug-resistant Enterococcus strains in wild Pampas foxes and Geoffroy's cats, with resistance genes ermB, msrC, tetL, and tetM detected in erythromycin and tetracycline-resistant isolates.

The study identified several AMR genes in Enterococcus and ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from bovine mastitis cases in Egypt, including erm(B), tetL, aac-aphD, vanA, and vanB.

The study identified antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus from wildlife meat and feces, including blaCMY, aadA, sul1, sul2, tetA, tetB, tetK, tetL, tetM, vanA, vanB, and blaZ, which conferred resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, tetracycline, vancomycin, and penicillin.

The study identifies several antimicrobial resistance genes in old Enterococcus faecalis isolates, including tet(L), cat, erm(B), aac(6')-aph(2''), aadD, drfC, and ble, demonstrating the early emergence of antimicrobial resistance traits in this species.

The paper discusses the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), focusing on genes such as blaZ, mecA, and dltA, which are involved in beta-lactam and glycopeptide resistance. It highlights the importance of understanding these resistance mechanisms to develop new therapeutic strategies.

The study identified the ermC gene on the plasmid pJ18TS1mac and the lsaB and oleC genes on an integrative conjugative element (ICE) in honey-derived bacteria, which conferred resistance to tylosin and lincomycin in Paenibacillus larvae. Additionally, the ermL and ermB genes on plasmid pJ45TS6 were found to contribute to macrolide resistance.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in chicken manure, mushroom residues, and heat-treated chicken manure, highlighting the impact of different organic manures on the soil resistome. Key findings include the enrichment of specific ARGs such as aadE, aadD, qacE1, qacH, lnuA, vatE, and tetL in soils treated with various manures, indicating the potential for ARG transfer through manure application.

Ursolic acid reduced the expression of tetracycline resistance genes in the gut microbiota of antibiotic-exposed mice.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in ST9 S. aureus, including mecA, blaZ, lnu(B), lsa(E), erm(C), fexA, tet(L), dfrG, vwb, and the MDR ST9 element, highlighting their role in multidrug resistance and host adaptation.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from equids, including blaZ, mupA, lnuA, tetK, tetL, tetM, norA, dfrC, dfrG, dfrK, ermA, ermC, msrA, mphC, qacA/B, qacC, and fosB. An isolate (17-021) was found to carry the lnuA gene and mupA plasmid, conferring resistance to clindamycin and mupirocin. A mutation in the prs gene was associated with phenotypic susceptibility to β-lactam drugs in a mecA-positive isolate.

The study reports two false-negative results in detecting meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using the Cepheid Xpert MRSA NxG assay. The isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics, including beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines, and carried resistance genes such as blaZ, mecA, erm(T), aac(6')-aph(2"), tet(L), and tet(M).

The study characterized the antibiotic resistance profiles of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from cats in Poland, identifying several resistance genes including blaZ, mecA, aac(6')Ie-aph(2")Ia, ermB, tet(L), and tet(M).

Danofloxacin treatment altered the gut microbiota diversity and resistome profile in calves, increasing the frequency and host range of several antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) such as aac(6')-Ib, ant9, tet40, tetW, ermF, tetL, and tetX.

The study identified five tetracycline resistance genes (tet(M), tet(W/N/W), tet(L), tet(S), and tet(45)) in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and determined species-specific microbiological cutoff values for tetracycline resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in Enterococcus faecium isolates, including pbp5, vanA, vanB, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia, gyrA, parC, tet(L), tet(M), tet(S), and 23S rRNA. These genes and mutations were validated experimentally and showed high accuracy in predicting antimicrobial resistance.

The study identified mecC-positive MRSA strains ST425-t742 and ST130-t843 in surface waters, along with various AMR genes such as mecC, blaZ, ermT, msr(A/B), vgaA, tetL, mecA, mph(C), aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, dfrA, fusB, and catpC221 in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci.

The study identifies two novel tet(L) gene variants, tet(L) F58L and tet(L) A117V, which confer resistance to tigecycline and eravacycline in Staphylococcus spp.

The study identifies several antibiotic resistance genes in Staphylococcus argenteus, including blaZ, mecA, and fosB, which confer resistance to penicillin, methicillin, and fosfomycin, respectively. These genes were found in different lineages and geographic regions.

The study identified multiple AMR genes including mecA, tetK, tetL, ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA, scn, chp, sak, sea, and sep in S. aureus isolates from pets and pet owners in Malaysia, indicating the presence of multidrug-resistant and methicillin-resistant strains.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from commercial swine and cattle probiotics, including aac(6')-Ii, aph(3')-III, ant(6)-Ia, tet(L), tet(M), msrC, and cat-(pc194). These genes confer resistance to aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, and phenicols.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Bacillus cereus group isolates, including beta-lactamase-encoding genes (bla1, blaZ, blaTEM), mph for erythromycin resistance, rph for rifampicin resistance, and fosB for fosfomycin resistance. These genes were detected using ABRIcate and MEGARes 2.0 database, and their association with resistance phenotypes was analyzed.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from mastitis-affected cows, including mecA, tetK, tetL, tetA, tetB, sul1, and sul2. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and methicillin.

The study identified multiple multidrug-resistant methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) in poultry, carrying genes such as mecA, ermA, ermB, ermC, mphC, aph(3')-IIIa, ant(4')-Ia, str, tetK, tetL, tetM, tetO, cfr, dfrK, dfrD, and cat p194, which confer resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolates from Miranda donkeys and their handlers, including blaZ, aph(3')-IIIa, tetK, tetL, tetM, lnuA, ermB, ermC, mecA, and optrA. These genes confer resistance to penicillins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, lincomycins, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, methicillin, and linezolid.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in Enterococcus species isolated from backyard chickens, including ermB, ermA, tetM, tetL, vanA, cat, and pbp5. These genes were associated with resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin.

The study characterizes various tetracycline and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus genetic lineages circulating in Spanish hospitals, identifying multiple AMR genes including blaZ, tetK, tetL, tetM, ermC, ermB, ant(4')-Ia, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, mupA, and fusB.

The study identified several tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes, including tet(A), tet(L), tet(X), sul2, and sul3, in Escherichia coli isolates from the Larut River, highlighting the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in anthropogenically impacted aquatic environments.

The study identified a decrease in the abundance of various antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during thermophilic composting of human excreta, including genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, macrolides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines.

The study identifies various antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive bacteria causing neonatal sepsis, including mecA, tet(K), tet(M), tet(L), aadD, aph(3)-III, ermA, ermC, msrA, mphC, and IS256. These genes confer resistance to multiple antibiotics, highlighting the complexity of antimicrobial resistance in low-resource settings.

The study identified several AMR genes in Enterococcus hirae isolates from beef cattle feedlots, including tetracycline resistance genes (tet(L), tet(M), tet(O), tet(S/M), tet(O/32/O)), macrolide resistance gene erm(B), and aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(6')-Iid, ant(6)-Ia, aph(3')-III, sat4).

The study identified several AMR genes in Enterococcus hirae isolates from beef cattle feedlots, including tetracycline resistance genes (tet(L), tet(M), tet(O), tet(S/M), tet(O/32/O)), macrolide resistance gene erm(B), and aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(6')-Iid, ant(6)-Ia, aph(3')-III, sat4).

The study identified 18 AMR genes in Limosilactobacillus species, primarily in L. reuteri from animal sources, including tetracycline, aminoglycoside, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin, and lincomycin resistance genes.

The study identified several AMR genes in staphylococci from livestock and farm attendants in Northern Ghana, including mecA1, mecA, tet(K), tet(L), tet(M), cat(pC221), sal(A), aadD, dfrK, dfrG, erm(B), fosB, aac(6')-aph(2''), and blaZ, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, and macrolides.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in Campylobacter strains from chicken carcasses in Tunisia, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains with high resistance rates to various antibiotics.

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes (tetM, tetK, tetL) and erythromycin resistance genes (ermB, ermC) in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from pigs and workers in Zambia. These genes were detected through PCR and are associated with resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin, highlighting the need for continued surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in this region.

The paper discusses the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, focusing on beta-lactam, glycopeptide, oxazolidinone, MLS-B, aminoglycoside, and other resistance mechanisms. Key genes identified include blaZ, mecA, mecC, vanA, cfr, ermA, ermC, aac(6')-Ib, aph(3')-IIIa, and aadD. Mutations in pbp2 and pbp2a were also found to contribute to resistance.

The study identified ermG as a gene that increased in abundance in the feces of treated pigs compared to those that did not receive post-PRRS antimicrobials, indicating its role in macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B resistance.

The study identified the presence of blaZ, tetL, tetM, mecA, and vanB genes in Staphylococcus spp. isolates from subclinical mastitis in cows in Piauí, Brazil, indicating multidrug resistance.

The study identifies various AMR genes in Enterococcus faecium, including vanA, vanB, ermB, ermT, ermA, aad(6), aph(3')-IIIa, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2')-Ia, sat-4, tetM, tet(W/N/W), dfrG, dfrF, lnuB, optrA, and lsaE, which are associated with different habitats and geographic locations.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in Enterococcus isolates from various aquatic environments, highlighting the role of anthropogenic pressure in the spread of antibiotic-resistant enterococci.

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes tetK, tetL, and tetM, as well as aminoglycoside resistance genes aacC2, aacC4, and aph(3'')-IIIa, and the vancomycin resistance gene vanB in Enterococcus faecalis isolates from bovine clinical mastitis in Bangladesh.

The study identified antibiotic resistance genes ermX, lsaC, tetL, and tetM in Gardnerella strains, with seven strains showing strong resistance to metronidazole.

The study identified 18 AMR genes in non-serotype 2 Streptococcus suis isolates from healthy pigs, including genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, macrolides, lincosamides, tetracyclines, oxazolidinones, nucleosides, and phenicols.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in S. aureus strains isolated from ready-to-eat foods in Algeria, including blaZ, ermB, lmrS, tet(L), tet(38), aph(3')-IIIa, ant(6)-I, mecA, and a gyrA mutation (S84L) conferring resistance to various antibiotics.

The study evaluated the accuracy of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for predicting antimicrobial resistance in enterococcal clinical isolates. It identified several AMR genes and mutations, including aac(6')-aph(2"), erm(B), erm(T), tet(L), tet(M), vanA, vanB, vanD, optrA, poxtA, and mutations in gyrA and parC, which were validated through genomic sequencing and phenotypic AST.

The study identifies tetL as a tetracycline resistance gene and shows that mutations in rluD and gyrB contribute to increased resistance and fitness under hypoxia.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in manure samples from a swine finishing facility, highlighting the prevalence of resistance to tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, and other antibiotics. Key genes included tet(M), lnuA, erm(35), aadS, mphB, dfrG, vga-type ABC-F, lsa-type ABC-F, msr-type ABC-F, optrA, and others, primarily found in Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidota. These genes were associated with resistance mechanisms such as target alteration, antibiotic inactivation, and efflux pumps.

The study identified several AMR genes in Arcobacter spp., including beta-lactamase genes (blaOXA464, blaOXA491), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(L), tet(H), tet(M)), a macrolide resistance gene (ere(A)), and aminoglycoside resistance genes (APH(3')-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia, SAT-4). Additionally, a mutation in the gyrA gene (C254T) was found to confer fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in S. aureus isolates from diabetic foot infections, including blaZ, erm(B), erm(A), msrA, tet(M), tet(K), tet(L), aac(6')-aph(2"), ant(4')-Ia, and fexA. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, tobramycin, and chloramphenicol.

The study identified several AMR genes, including ermB, tetM, tetL, optrA, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-la, ant(6')-Ia, and Int-Tn, in high-level erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis isolates from bulk tank milk in Korea.

The study identified tetracycline, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol resistance genes in lactic acid bacteria isolated from regional cheeses in Poland.

The study found that organic and alternative pig farming practices are associated with reduced antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) compared to conventional farming. Specific AMR genes such as mecA, blaZ, blaPC1, and others were more prevalent in conventional farms, while organic farms showed lower levels of AMR genes for aminoglycosides, phenicols, and tetracyclines.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in S. agalactiae isolates from dairy goats in China, including pbp2b, tetL, tetM, tetK, tetO, ermA, ermB, mefA, aphA3, aad6, lnu(B), gryA, and parC, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillins, tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, lincosamides, and quinolones.

The study identified various antibiotic-resistance genes in three strains of Enterococcus faecalis associated with streptococcosis in fish, including genes conferring resistance to tetracycline, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin, and vancomycin.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Arcobacter butzleri isolates from poultry in Ghana, including blaOXA-464, tetM, ermB, and others, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains and the potential for horizontal and vertical transmission of resistance genes.

The study identifies six genes associated with avian clinical isolates of Enterococcus cecorum, which can help distinguish them from nonclinical isolates.

The study describes an in-house 45-plex array for detecting antimicrobial resistance genes in Gram-positive bacteria, identifying optrA, poxtA, and vanA as significant resistance markers in Enterococcus and Staphylococcus isolates.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from retail poultry meat in Edo, Nigeria, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug-resistant MRSA and the presence of virulence factors that pose a public health concern.

The study identifies pELF1-like plasmids in Enterococcus faecium that carry multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including vancomycin resistance determinants, aminoglycoside resistance genes, macrolide resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, and oxazolidinone resistance genes. These plasmids are associated with multidrug-resistant clades and demonstrate high stability and self-transmissibility.

The study identified various plasmid-borne antimicrobial resistance genes in Malaysian MRSA isolates, including ermC, cat, tetK, tetL, aadD, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia, lnuA, cadAC, cadDX, copB, mco, arsB, arsC, and qacA, contributing to multidrug resistance.

The study identified various antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria isolated from codfish products and environmental samples, highlighting the presence of tetracycline, clindamycin, and oxacillin resistance genes in Staphylococcus spp., as well as beta-lactam and carbapenem resistance genes in Gram-negative bacteria.

The study identified numerous antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) CC398 isolates from diseased swine in Germany, including beta-lactam, tetracycline, macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramin B, phenicol, aminoglycoside, and fluoroquinolone resistance genes. These genes were often located on small transposons or plasmids, contributing to the multidrug resistance profile of the isolates.

The study identifies the tetracycline resistance genes tet(L) and tet(63) and the rpsJ Y58D mutation as responsible for third-generation tetracycline resistance in multidrug-resistant ST9 MRSA isolates.

The study identified multiple antibiotic-resistant genes in Enterococcus isolates from bovine colostrum, including tet(K), tet(L), tet(M), erm(B), and ant(6)-Ia, which confer resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, and streptomycin. High rates of multidrug resistance were observed.

The study identified various AMR genes in L. monocytogenes strains from Atlantic salmon, including tetracycline resistance genes (tetC, tetD, tetK, tetL, tetS), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aadA, strA, aacC2, aphA1, aphA2), macrolide resistance genes (cmlA1, catI, catII), and oxazolidinone resistance genes (cfr, optrA, poxtA).

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes, including tetM, ermB, strA, tetL, sul1, sul2, and AAC(6)', in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from raw sheep milk and cheese in southern Brazil. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics, highlighting the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in these microorganisms.

The study identified a multidrug-resistant E. faecalis isolate (ESC1) carrying a novel composite transposon with two aac(6')-aph(2") genes, along with several other resistance genes on plasmids, contributing to resistance against multiple antibiotics.

The study identified the presence of the tetracycline resistance gene tetK in Mammaliicoccus sciuri isolates, which was associated with tetracycline resistance. The gene was found on small plasmids, suggesting a potential mechanism for horizontal gene transfer.

The study identified the tetracycline-resistance gene tet(L) on the P. larvae-specific plasmid pMA67 in 9 out of 11 oxytetracycline-resistant P. larvae isolates sequenced.