The study identified and characterized multiple tetracycline resistance genes encoding ribosomal protection proteins (RPPs) including tet(M), tet(O), tet(W), tet(Q), tet(S), tet(T), tetB(P), and otrA. These genes were detected in various bacterial species and environments, highlighting their prevalence and potential for horizontal gene transfer.

The study identifies the tet(W) gene as a widespread determinant of tetracycline resistance in Arcanobacterium pyogenes, which is responsible for conferring resistance to tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and oxytetracycline.

The study identifies novel mosaic gene combinations of tet(O) and tet(W) in tetracycline-resistant Megasphaera elsdenii strains from swine, demonstrating that these genes confer tetracycline resistance when cloned into E. coli.

The study identifies multiple tetracycline resistance genotypes in Megasphaera elsdenii strains, including novel mosaic genes such as tet(OWO)-1 and tet(OWO)-2, which confer high levels of tetracycline resistance.

The study developed and validated real-time PCR assays to quantify ten major classes of tetracycline resistance genes (tet) in microbiome samples, revealing significant differences in tet gene abundance between bovine and swine manures, with swine manures showing higher levels. Composting significantly reduced tet gene abundance.

The study identifies the tet(W) gene as a prevalent tetracycline resistance gene in gut bacteria, highlighting its conservation and mobility through various genetic elements.

The study identified the tet(W) gene as the cause of tetracycline resistance in Bifidobacterium species from healthy humans, demonstrating that the gene confers resistance when cloned in E. coli.

The study identifies three genetic elements (ATE-1, ATE-2, and ATE-3) carrying the tetracycline resistance gene tet(W) in Arcanobacterium pyogenes, with ATE-1 showing characteristics of a mobilizable transposon and ATE-2 and ATE-3 being simple transposons.

The study identified the presence of tetracycline resistance genes tet(O) and tet(W), as well as the erythromycin resistance gene erm(X), in Bifidobacterium thermophilum and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum isolates from animal sources.

The study identified and characterized seven tetracycline resistance genes (tet(M), tet(O), tet(Q), tet(W), tet(C), tet(H), and tet(Z)) in lagoons and groundwater near swine production facilities over a 3-year period. These genes were consistently detected in groundwater and lagoon samples, with varying frequencies and concentrations depending on the location and sampling time.

Three L. paracasei strains from cheese showed acquired resistance to tetracycline and/or erythromycin, linked to the presence of tet(M), tet(W), and erm(B) genes.

The study identified and characterized the tetracycline resistance gene tet(W) and the lincomycin resistance gene lnu(A) carried on plasmids pLR581 and pLR585 in Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730. These plasmids were successfully removed, resulting in the strain L. reuteri DSM 17938, which lost the corresponding resistances.

The study identified known tetracycline resistance genes (tet(C), tet(W), tet(40)) and novel genes (galE1 and galE2) that confer resistance to tetracycline derivatives minocycline and doxycycline in the organic pig gut microbiome.

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes (tet(M), tet(W), tet(Q)) and erythromycin resistance genes (ermB, ermF) in the vaginal microbiota of primates not typically exposed to antibiotics, indicating the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in these animals despite limited antibiotic exposure.

The study identified multiple tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(W), tet(C), tet(J), tet(L), tet(D), tet(Y), and tet(K)) in environmental bacteria from an oxytetracycline production wastewater treatment plant and the receiving river, highlighting the widespread dissemination of these genes in aquatic environments exposed to high levels of antibiotic residues.

The study identifies the tet(W) gene in two human clinical isolates of Streptococcus suis, highlighting distinct genetic elements carrying this tetracycline resistance determinant.

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes tet(W) in Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strains and tet(S) in Lactococcus lactis CHCC6005 through genome sequencing and experimental validation.

The study identifies tetracycline resistance genes tet(M) and tet(W), and erythromycin resistance gene erm(B) in Lactobacillus paracasei strains isolated from Italian dairy and meat products.

The study identified various tetracycline resistance genes, including tet(M), tet(L), erm(T), tet(W), tet(O), and tet(X), in the gut microbiota of a mother and her infant. It also discovered a novel composite transposon, Tn 6079, carrying tet(M), tet(L), and erm(T) in the infant's gut, highlighting the potential for horizontal gene transfer and maternal transmission of antibiotic resistance.

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes tet(O) and tet(W) in Megasphaera elsdenii strains, which were experimentally validated to confer tetracycline resistance.

The study identified bla TEM-1, cfx A, tet M, tet W, and tet Q as the most prevalent antibiotic resistance genes in endodontic infections. bla TEM-1 was more prevalent in primary infections, while tet M remained unchanged after treatment. Vancomycin resistance genes were not detected.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in the multidrug-resistant S. suis R61 strain, including pbp2x, pbp2b, gyrA, parC, tet(W), and mef(E), contributing to resistance against β-lactams, quinolones, tetracyclines, and macrolides.

The study identified numerous antibiotic resistance (AR) genes in gulls, including both known and previously undescribed ones. It highlights the significant diversity of AR genes in gulls, emphasizing their potential role in spreading resistance genes between human and environmental habitats.

The study identifies the tet(W) gene on plasmid pJA144188 as a novel tetracycline resistance determinant in Corynebacterium resistens DSM 45100, which confers resistance to tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline when expressed in Corynebacterium glutamicum.

The study identifies eight tetracycline resistance genes (tetB, tetC, tetD, tetH, tetL, tetY, tetM, and tetW) in the gut microbiota of honeybees, highlighting the accumulation of resistance determinants due to long-term antibiotic exposure in beekeeping practices.

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes (tet(M), tet(O), tet(Q), and tet(W)) in the microbiota of newborns and their mothers, highlighting differences in gene prevalence based on delivery mode.

The study identified 80 unique antibiotic resistance genes in dairy cow manure, including a novel clade of chloramphenicol acetyltransferases and several beta-lactamases, tetracycline resistance genes, and aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in swine fecal samples using qPCR, including tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(M), tet(O), tet(W)), erythromycin resistance genes (ermB, ermF), sulfonamide resistance genes (sulI, sulII), beta-lactam resistance genes (blaCTX-M-1 group, blaCMY-2, blaSHV family), and glycopeptide resistance gene (vanA).

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes tet(Q), tet(32), and tet(W) in subgingival biofilms of Dominican adults with periodontal diseases. These genes were more prevalent in chronic periodontitis patients compared to healthy individuals.

The study found that housefly larva vermicomposting significantly reduces the abundance of tetracycline resistance genes (tet(M), tet(O), tet(Q), tet(W)) and increases the abundance of sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2) in swine manure. It also observed changes in the bacterial community structure, with a significant decrease in the diversity and richness of bacteria.

The study identified tet(G) in Pseudomonas sp. and tet(W) in Bacillus sp. as tetracycline resistance genes, highlighting their persistence in anaerobic digesters and the impact of raw sludge on antibiotic resistance gene content.

The study identified numerous antibiotic resistance genes in Clostridium bolteae and Clostridium clostridioforme, including beta-lactamases, glycopeptide resistance operons, macrolide and lincosamide resistance genes, and efflux pumps. Notably, C. bolteae 90B3 exhibited resistance to linezolid, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and tiamulin due to the presence of the 23S rRNA methyltransferase gene cfr. Additionally, C. clostridioforme 90A8 possessed a VanB-type operon conferring vancomycin resistance.

The study identified multidrug-resistant Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii strain CNM633/14 carrying resistance genes erm(X), tet(W), cmx, aphA1-IAB, strAB, and sul1, which confer resistance to various antibiotics including erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, and cotrimoxazole.

The study identified the tet(W) gene as a significant contributor to tetracycline resistance in various Bifidobacterium species, highlighting its role in the resistome of these gut commensals.

The study found that the abundance of tetracycline resistance genes tetW and tetQ increased significantly in the reactor exposed to high tetracycline concentrations, indicating the development of tetracycline resistance in the microbial community.

The paper discusses the role of bacteria from animals as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes, highlighting the presence of various AMR genes such as erm(B), tet(M), cfr, and others in different bacterial species, emphasizing their contribution to the spread of resistance.

The study identified tet(W), tet(O), and tet(S) as tetracycline resistance genes in human intestinal bifidobacteria, highlighting their potential as reservoirs of resistance genes.

The study identifies several tetracycline resistance genes (tetM, tetW, tetO, tetS), sulfonamide resistance genes (sulI, sulII), and others, showing their expression dynamics during composting and their association with microbial community shifts.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, including ermB, ermF, sulI, sulII, tet(M), tet(O), and tet(W), and examined their association with antimicrobial exposure in Danish pig farms. The results showed complex relationships between antimicrobial exposure and AMR gene levels, with varying correlations depending on the specific gene and antimicrobial class.

The study identified several tetracycline, macrolide, and aminoglycoside resistance genes in Lactobacillus isolates from chickens, highlighting the presence of resistance mechanisms in these bacteria.

The study identifies and characterizes the tetracycline resistance gene tet(W) and the sulfonamide resistance gene sul1 in bacterial seed bank DNA from lake sediments, showing their historical accumulation patterns linked to antibiotic usage.

The study identified multiple tetracycline, macrolide, lincosamide, and aminoglycoside resistance genes in Streptococcus suis serotype 9 strains, highlighting the widespread presence of antibiotic resistance mechanisms in these isolates.

The study identifies tetO as the primary tetracycline resistance gene in Campylobacter jejuni isolates from beef cattle and highlights gyrA mutations, particularly Thr86Ile, as a major cause of fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in feedlots and urban wastewater, highlighting the prevalence of sulfonamide, tetracycline, macrolide, fluoroquinolone, and β-lactam resistance genes in different environments.

The paper discusses the prevalence and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus species, particularly focusing on macrolide, lincosamide, and tetracycline resistance. Key genes identified include erm(B), erm(A), lnuB, lnuD, mefA, mefE, msr, tet(B), tet(K), tet(L), tet(M), tet(O), and tet(S).

The study investigated the transmissibility of the tetracycline resistance gene tet(W) in Bifidobacterium isolates under acid and bile stress conditions and found no evidence of gene transfer to Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51299.

B. bifidum BGN4 and B. longum BORI were found to be resistant to gentamicin and tetracycline, but the resistance was not transferable. The study also found that B. longum BORI contains the tet(W) gene, which is responsible for tetracycline resistance.

The study identifies tet(W) and sul1 as prevalent antibiotic resistance genes in the sporobiota of sediments impacted by wastewater, showing their association with the wastewater treatment plant discharge and their spatial distribution patterns.

The study identified the tet(W) gene as a key contributor to tetracycline resistance in Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strains Bl-04 and HN019, with differential gene expression patterns observed between the strains.

The study identified several tetracycline, macrolide, and lincosamide resistance genes in turkey-derived lactobacilli, including tetL, tetM, tetW, ermB, ermC, lnuA, aadE, ant(6)-Ia, cat, and lsaE. These genes were associated with resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, lincomycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tiamulin.

The study identified and characterized the tet(O) and tet(W) genes in Arcobacter faecis and Arcobacter lanthieri, which confer resistance to tetracycline.

The study identifies various antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) associated with multidrug resistance, including macrolide, beta-lactam, tetracycline, and methicillin resistance genes, highlighting the presence of these genes in postmortem microbiome samples.

The study identified the tetracycline resistance gene tetA(P) as being highly enriched in manure-treated soil and rhizosphere, particularly in doxycycline-treated bulk soil, indicating its potential as a marker for soil contamination by antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotics.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes associated with antimicrobial use on broiler farms, including bla TEM, erm (B), tet (W), aadA cluster, cmx, and dfrA1.

Early life antimicrobial interventions, specifically procaine penicillin G (PPG) and tulathromycin (TUL), significantly increased the relative abundance of ermB and tetW in piglets, suggesting a promotion of antimicrobial resistance genes in the gut microbiota.

The study identified several tetracycline, macrolide, aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, sulfonamide, mercury, and biocide resistance genes in beef feedlots, catch basin water, soil, and urban sewage influent. Tetracycline resistance was predominant in beef production systems, while urban sewage influent showed a diverse resistome with resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes.

The study identifies discriminatory antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) using an extremely randomized tree (ERT) algorithm, highlighting genes like sul1, tet(W), and ermB as significant markers for differentiating resistomes across various aquatic environments.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the fecal microbiota of dairy calves, highlighting the association between diet and the resistome. Key genes include ermB, lnuC, mefA, tet32, tet40, tetO, tetQ, tetW, and optrA, which confer resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, and tetracyclines, as well as oxazolidinones and phenicols.

The study found that manure application increased the occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere of cherry radish, but not in the endophytic bacterial microbiota of the root, which is the edible part of the plant.

The study identifies and characterizes tetracycline resistance genes, including tet(W), tet(Q), and tet(O), in ruminal microbial genomes, highlighting the presence of a novel integrative and conjugative element (ICE_ RbtetW_07 ) associated with tetracycline resistance.

The study identified 50 unique antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in food waste, compost, and farm products, with a focus on aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and macrolide resistance. Key ARGs included aph(6)-1d, lmrD, mefA, mel, abeM, abeS, adeF, adeG, adeI, adeJ, adeK, emrD, sul2, tetH, tetM, tetO, tetW, and tetX, which were found in various samples and showed resistance to multiple drug classes.

The study identified a novel macrolide-clindamycin resistance gene, erm(50), and a tetracycline resistance gene, tet(W), on a transferable multidrug-resistant plasmid pTZC1 in Cutibacterium acnes.

The paper describes the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in Clostridium and Brachyspira spp. and other anaerobes, focusing on the genetic basis of resistance to various antibiotics, including tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, chloramphenicol, and others. It highlights the role of specific genes such as tet, erm, and cat in conferring resistance.

The study identifies specific AMR genes, including beta-lactamase genes (cepA, bl2e_cepA) and tetracycline resistance genes (tet32, tet44, tetW), that are upregulated in response to amoxicillin and doxycycline treatments in the murine gut microbiota.

The study identified ermB, tetM, and tetW genes as the primary determinants of clindamycin, tetracycline, and moxifloxacin resistance in C. difficile isolates. Mutations in GyrA (Thr82→Ile) and GyrB (Asp426→Asn) were linked to moxifloxacin resistance.

The study identified ermB and tetW genes in L. reuteri strains from chicken GIT, which confer resistance to erythromycin and tetracycline, respectively. These genes were validated through PCR and sequencing.

The paper discusses the risk of antimicrobial resistance development in calves due to feeding with milk containing antibiotic residues, highlighting the role of β-lactamases in reducing β-lactam concentrations.

The study found that eravacycline showed potent in vitro activity against various ribotypes of Clostridioides difficile, and the presence of tetM or tetW resistance genes did not affect the MIC of eravacycline.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in phage particles from Antarctic and Mediterranean seawater, highlighting the presence of beta-lactamase genes (bla TEM, bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-9), tetracycline resistance gene (tetW), and sulfonamide resistance gene (sul1). These genes were detected in phage particles from both regions, indicating their potential role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance.

The study identifies the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in hospital air dust, highlighting the role of the Outpatient hall as a major source of ARG transmission. Key genes such as intI1 and tetW were detected, showing the prevalence of multidrug and tetracycline resistance.

The study found that pyrolysis of biowastes effectively reduced the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) such as tetracycline resistance genes (tetC, tetG, tetM, tetO, tetW), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2), and class 1 integron-integrase gene (intI1) in swine manure and sewage sludge.

This study identified various antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in sewer biofilms, including sul1, blaTEM, tet(G), tet(O), tet(W), and ermF, which were detected in field and simulated sewer biofilm samples. The research also explored the effects of disinfection protocols on biofilm persistence.

The study identified several AMR genes in urban wastewater treatment plants in Italy, including bla TEM-1, bla AmpC, bla CTX-M-15, bla KPC-3, bla SHV-1, tet A, sul II, erm B, qnr S, int I1, aad A2, dfr 17, aadA 5, aadA 10, sat 1, bla TEM, bla OXA, bla CTX, bla KPC, and tet W. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides.

The study shows that early inoculation of microbial suspensions affects the transmission of maternal microbiota and the associated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in piglets. Specific ARGs such as aadE_2, aphA3, ermB, lnuB, vanTG, tetQ, tnpA, mpmB, lnuC, and tetW were found to be influenced by the inoculation of microbial suspensions S1 and S2.

The study identifies several AMR genes in Corynebacterium diphtheriae, including pbp2m associated with penicillin resistance, ermX for macrolide resistance, and various genes for tetracycline, aminoglycoside, and sulfonamide resistance.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in bacterial isolates from chronic non-healing wounds, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, macrolide resistance genes, and others. These genes were found in various bacterial species such as E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and others.

The study identified various tetracycline resistance genes including tet(W), tet(Q), tet(32), tet(O), tet(44), tetA(P), and tetB(P) in chicken gut microbiota commensals, highlighting their distribution across different bacterial families.

The study identifies several ribosomal protection protein (RPP) genes, including tet(M), tet(O), tet(W), tet(Q), tetB(P), and otr(A), that can confer high-level tetracycline resistance in E. coli. However, expression of these genes often comes with fitness costs, and certain mutations in tRNA genes (argW and proL) or the hns gene can mitigate these costs.

Composting reduces the relative abundance of total antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in manure, but certain clinically relevant ARGs like beta-lactam and sul1 remain persistent. The study highlights the impact of composting on the resistome composition and the importance of managing antibiotic use in livestock.

The study found that polyethylene (PE) waste samples from both seawater and freshwater contained a higher number of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) compared to the corresponding water samples, highlighting the role of PE as a carrier of ARGs in the marine environment.

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes tetO and tetW in Arcobacter butzleri isolates, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant Arcobacter strains in aquatic environments.

The study identified tetW and tetA(33) as the primary tetracycline resistance genes in Trueperella pyogenes isolates from livestock and European bison. tetW was the most prevalent, with four variants (tetW-1, tetW-2, tetW-3, tetW-4) and was linked to transposons ATE-1 and ATE-2. tetA(33) was less common but also contributed to resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations associated with resistance to quinolones, tetracyclines, and macrolides in Campylobacter isolates from various sources. Key findings include the prevalence of blaOXA-61, tet(O), and mutations in gyrA and 23S rRNA genes.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in sewer sediments and wastewater, including sul1, tet(O), tet(W), ermF, vanA, NDM-1, mcr-1, and mecA, highlighting the potential for ARG proliferation in sewer environments.

The tetracycline resistance gene tet(W) in Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis is part of the ancient resistome and exhibits a conserved genomic context, distinguishing it from tet(W) in other species.

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes tetW and tetY, and sulfonamide resistance genes sul1 and sul2 in the honeybee gut microbiota, which increased in abundance following antibiotic treatment.

The study identified the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Colombia, highlighting the significant presence of bla KPC, sul 1, sul 2, erm B, and others. It also found that environmental factors such as dissolved oxygen and precipitation correlate with the abundance of these genes.

The study identified several AMR genes in Streptococcus suis serotype 7 strains, including tetracycline resistance genes (tet(O), tet(M), tet(W)), macrolide/lincosamide/streptogramin resistance gene (erm(B)), aminoglycoside resistance genes (ant(6)-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia), trimethoprim resistance gene (dfrF), and chloramphenicol resistance gene (cat-TC).

Danofloxacin treatment altered the gut microbiota diversity and resistome profile in calves, increasing the frequency and host range of several antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) such as aac(6')-Ib, ant9, tet40, tetW, ermF, tetL, and tetX.

The study identifies tetW and mefA as highly expressed tetracycline and macrolide resistance genes in the rumen of beef cattle, highlighting their significance in the resistome of food-producing animals.

The study examined the impact of antibiotic therapies on the dynamics and composition of resistance genes in the animal gut microbiota, identifying several AMR genes such as blaTEM, tetA, strA, strB, intI1, tetM, mel, floR, mcr-2, oqx B, tetC, tetG, tetO, tetW, tetX, ermB, ermF, sul1, sul2, and others, which were experimentally validated in Escherichia coli.

The study identified several AMR genes in Streptococcus suis isolates from diseased pigs in Italy, including ermb, tet(O), aac6-aph2, ant6-ia, aph3-iiia, spw, tet(40), tet(W), tet(O/W/32/O), tet(W/N/N), erm(47), lnuB, lsaE, and optrA, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as erythromycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, lincomycin, and linezolid.

The study identified and quantified several antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in dairy manure samples, highlighting the prevalence of sulII, tetW, ermF, tnpA, and intI1 across different manure management conditions.

The study identifies two new species, Corynebacterium parakroppenstedtii and Corynebacterium pseudokroppenstedtii, and characterizes antibiotic resistance genes including APH(3')-Ia, APH(3'')-Ib, APH(6)-Id, erm(X), sul1, and tet(W) in C. kroppenstedtii-like isolates.

The study identified various antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in phage DNA fractions of chicken liver samples, including blaTEM, blaCTX-M-1, sul1, qnrA, armA, and tetW, indicating the potential of chicken liver as a reservoir for phage-mediated antibiotic resistance.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in metagenomic sequencing data from chronically ill feedlot cattle, including genes conferring resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, phenicols, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim. Notably, tetH was the most frequently detected resistance gene, and several ARGs were found to be associated with integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs).

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes tet(O) and tet(W) in Aliarcobacter faecis and Aliarcobacter lanthieri through PCR assays, indicating the prevalence of tetracycline resistance within the genus Aliarcobacter.

The study identified 18 AMR genes in Limosilactobacillus species, primarily in L. reuteri from animal sources, including tetracycline, aminoglycoside, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin, and lincomycin resistance genes.

The study identified ermG as a gene that increased in abundance in the feces of treated pigs compared to those that did not receive post-PRRS antimicrobials, indicating its role in macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B resistance.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in humans and food-producing animals in Brazil, including novel carbapenemase-encoding genes such as blaAIM-1, blaCAM-1, blaGIM-2, and blaHMB-1, which were not previously reported in Latin America. Other significant ARGs included aac(6')-Ib-cr, ermF, ermB, ermG, tetO, tetQ, tetW, qnrB10, qnrB19, qnrD1, and crpP.

The review discusses various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, including resistance genes such as blaCTX-M, ermB, tet(O), vanA, vanB, and aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia, as well as mutations in gyrA, gyrB, and 23S rRNA associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and other antibiotics.

The study identified antibiotic-resistant bacteria carrying resistance genes such as bla_NDM-1, sul1, tet(O), and tet(W) in Ghanaian drinking water sources, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant isolates and the potential public health risks associated with contaminated water.

The study identifies and characterizes the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in phage particles from retail food sources, demonstrating that these phages can carry and potentially transfer resistance genes such as bla TEM, sul1, and tetW.

The study identified 18 AMR genes in non-serotype 2 Streptococcus suis isolates from healthy pigs, including genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, macrolides, lincosamides, tetracyclines, oxazolidinones, nucleosides, and phenicols.

The study identifies the presence of various tetracycline resistance genes (TRGs) in doxycycline-resistant E. coli (DRE) strains isolated from swine manure, highlighting the significant risk of tigecycline resistance. The tetX and tet(X4) genes were found to be strongly associated with tigecycline resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in Akkermansia muciniphila strains, including adeF, tetW, sul2, and aph(6)-Id. Only the strain Amap1 showed resistance to tetracycline due to the presence of tetW. The presence of ARGs does not always translate into a resistant phenotype.

The study identifies 15 antimicrobial resistance genes in Corynebacterium striatum, including genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, sulfonamides, and cationic antiseptics. These genes are often located in genomic islands and mobile genetic elements, highlighting the role of horizontal gene transfer in the spread of multidrug resistance.

The study found that prolonged amoxicillin treatment leads to an increase in the abundance and diversity of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the gut microbiome, particularly beta-lactamase genes such as cfxA and its variants, as well as tetracycline and macrolide resistance genes.

The study identified tetracycline, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol resistance genes in lactic acid bacteria isolated from regional cheeses in Poland.

The study identified tetracycline resistance gene tetW, erythromycin resistance gene ermB, and streptomycin resistance gene aadE in Lactobacillus amylovorus isolates from domestic pigs, while only one wild boar isolate carried aadE. The findings highlight differences in resistance gene prevalence between wild and domestic pigs.

Two AMR genes were detected: lnu(A) in a clindamycin-susceptible and lincomycin-resistant Limosilactobacillus reuteri isolate, and tet(W) in multiple Bifidobacterium isolates.

The study identifies that root canal microbiota in T2DM patients harbor a higher prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) compared to non-diabetic patients, particularly for tetW, tetM, ermB, ermC, cfxA, and tetQ.

The study identified several acquired and intrinsic antimicrobial resistance genes in lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria, including tetW, ANT(6)-Ia, aac(6')-Ie-APH(2'')-Ia, erm(B), erm(49), cat, dfrG, arr-4, and fosXCC. Additionally, mutations in S12, rsmG, Lsa(A), MsrC, and PBP5 were associated with resistance to various antibiotics.

Levodopa treatment influenced the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in gut bacteria of Parkinson's disease rats, decreasing tetW and vanTG while increasing AAC6-Ib-Suzhou.

The study identified various antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in pig manure samples from different regions of Shanxi, China, highlighting the prevalence of tetracycline, aminoglycoside, macrolide, and phenicol resistance genes. Key ARGs included tet(W), tet(40), tet(Q), erm(B), erm(F), mef(A), aph(3')-III, ant(6)-Ia, cfr(C), floR, blaACI-1, optrA, cat, cfxA4, cfxA5, blaCTX-M-105, blaCTX-M-65, fexB, erm(T), mdf(A), and ole(B).

The study identifies various tetracycline resistance genes (tetC, tetE, tetG, tetM, tetO, tetQ, tetW, tetX), sulfonamide resistance gene (sulI), aminoglycoside resistance genes (ant(2')-Ia, ant(3')-Ia, aph(6')-Id, aph(33')-Ib, aac(6')-Ib), beta-lactam resistance genes (blaGES, blaVEB), chloramphenicol resistance gene (catB3), MLS resistance genes (ereA, ermB), and multidrug resistance genes (acrB, mexB, mexF) in municipal sewage treatment plants, highlighting their association with mobile genetic elements and microbial communities.

The study identifies the multidrug resistance plasmid pTZC1, which contains the macrolide-clindamycin resistance gene erm(50) and the tetracycline resistance gene tet(W), and demonstrates its transfer between Cutibacterium acnes and Cutibacterium granulosum strains.

The study identified erm(X), sul(1), and tet(W) genes in Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii isolates, which confer resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline. Additionally, mutations in the gyrA gene were linked to ciprofloxacin resistance.

Bifidobacterium lactis IDCC 4301 was found to possess the tetracycline resistance gene tetW, but it was susceptible to all other antibiotics tested, except vancomycin.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in AMR strains isolated from vegetables, including blaTEM, tetA, tetW, tetC, tetD, tetB, qnrS, and sulI. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.

The study found that calorie restriction increased the abundance of tetracycline resistance genes (tet W-01) and decreased the abundance of MLSB resistance genes (erm B) in mouse feces. It also identified that sul 2 was associated with sulfonamide resistance.

The study identifies tetracycline resistance gene tet(W), erythromycin/clindamycin resistance gene ermX, and rifampicin resistance gene rpoB in Bifidobacterium species, highlighting species-specific antibiotic resistance profiles.

The study identified 1038 antibiotic resistance genes from 200 community participants, highlighting the association of resistome profiles with lifestyle and environmental factors, particularly emphasizing the role of Escherichia coli in the resistome dynamics.

The study characterizes several antimicrobial resistance genes, including tet(W), tet(Q), mdf(A), erm(B), lsa(A), and aac(6')-Iaa, through the use of a spiked-in mock community and long-read sequencing.

The study identified 138 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the rumen of yak calves, with tetracycline resistance being the most prevalent. The study also found that feeding milk replacer (MR) altered the rumen resistome and microbiota, increasing the abundance of Prevotella and affecting the functional enzyme profiles.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in three donkey-derived Streptococcus equi subsp. equi isolates, including genes conferring resistance to beta-lactams, tetracyclines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and others. Notably, the HT1112 isolate showed resistance to six antimicrobials, while HTP133 and HTP232 showed resistance to fewer drugs. Additionally, the study highlighted the role of biofilm formation in antimicrobial resistance.

The study investigated the effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on the fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) during anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge. It found that ultrasonic pretreatment significantly reduced the relative abundance of ARGs and MGEs, with 60 minutes of pretreatment achieving the highest removal rate of 41.70% for total ARGs.

The study identified numerous antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the rumen of goat kids, highlighting the dynamic nature of the resistome influenced by age and diet. Key ARGs included RPOB, GYRA, GYRBA, ROB, MDTF, ACRF, ACRB, MGTA, MLS23S, TUFAB, TET44, TET32, APH2-DPRIME, SAT, BRO, TETQ, ERMF, NIMJ, ACI, MEFA, RRSC, RRSH, CAP16S, TETX, LNUC, TETW, TETO, and TET40, which were associated with resistance to various antibiotics such as drugs, MLS, tetracyclines, and others.

The study identifies distinct 'resistotypes' in bronchiectasis patients, showing associations with clinical outcomes, geographic origin, and the underlying microbiome. Targeted eradication of P. aeruginosa leads to a shift from a less favorable resistotype to a more favorable one.

The study identified 22 different resistance genes and gene variants, including erm(B), aph(3')-IIIa, aadE, catA, lnu(C), blaOXA, sat4, tet(O), and point mutations in gyrA, 23S rRNA, and rpsL, associated with antimicrobial resistance in thermotolerant Campylobacter spp.

The study monitored the abundance and distribution of sul2 and tetW genes, which confer resistance to sulfonamide and tetracycline, respectively, in various water samples using digital PCR and metagenomics.

The study identified 372 unique antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the gut microbiome of children undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation, with tetracycline, beta-lactam, and fluoroquinolone resistance genes being the most prevalent. Anaerobic antibiotic exposures were associated with an increase in the acquisition of new ARGs and the relative abundance of ARGs in the gut resistome.

The study identifies several antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in greywater and filter bed samples, including blaTEM, sul1, intI1, tetG, tetW, and others, indicating the presence of resistance to beta-lactams, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and other antibiotics. The research highlights the variability in ARG removal efficiency by constructed wetlands and the potential for ARG proliferation in treated greywater.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates from Taiwan, including aminoglycoside, tetracycline, beta-lactam, macrolide, and phenicol resistance genes, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance.

The study identified aadA9, tetW, ermX, aadA1, aadA11, strA-strB, and aadB as key AMR genes in T. pyogenes isolates from bovine mastitis in China, highlighting high resistance to streptomycin and tetracycline.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the Iskar River downstream of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), including genes conferring resistance to macrolides, tetracyclines, beta-lactams, sulfonamides, and carbapenems. Notably, the carbapenemase genes bla OXA-58 and bla IMP-33-like were detected, which are typically associated with clinical settings.

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes tet(W), erm(F), and tet(Q) in the gut microbiomes of three Indian ethnic groups, with higher burdens observed in the Khargone and Ladakh groups compared to the Jaisalmer group.

The study introduces a novel method for predicting antibiotic resistance mechanisms using ProteinBERT, a protein language model. The model outperforms existing methods on diverse ARG datasets, particularly those with low homology to known sequences. Attention analysis reveals that the model considers biologically relevant features such as conserved amino acid residues and antibiotic target binding sites.

The study identified antimicrobial resistance genes such as erm(X), tet(O), tet(O/23/O), tet(Q), and tet(W) in Bifidobacterium isolates from Cambodian infants, highlighting the presence of resistance mechanisms in the gut microbiota.

The study identified various AMR genes in zoo animal microbiomes, including resistance to tetracyclines, lincomamides, fluoroquinolones, vancomycin, beta-lactams, and aminoglycosides.

The study identified high frequencies of tetracycline and macrolide resistance genes, specifically tetO and ermB, in European Streptococcus suis isolates.

The study found that doxy-PEP use over 6 months significantly increased the proportion and expression of tetracycline resistance genes in the gut microbiome, with no significant changes in other antibiotic resistance gene classes.

The study identified 20 antimicrobial resistance genes in Corynebacterium striatum, with ErmX being the most prevalent. These genes are mainly associated with plasmid sequence regions and class 1 integrons, highlighting the role of mobile genetic elements in the dissemination of resistance.

The study identified eight resistance genes in Trueperella pyogenes isolates from small ruminants in western China, including ant(2")-Ia, ant(3")-Ia, cmlA1, cmx, erm(X), lnu(A), sul1, and tet(W). These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as gentamicin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline.

The study identifies specific tetracycline resistance mechanisms (efflux pumps, ribosomal protection proteins, and type 1 tetracycline destructases) that are preferentially selected by different generations of tetracycline antibiotics, highlighting the evolutionary dynamics of resistance.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in Campylobacter jejuni isolates from laying-hens in Hubei Province, China, including blaOXA, tet(O), tet(M), tet(W), cmeR, and gyrA (T86I). High resistance rates were observed against ceftriaxone, enrofloxacin, doxycycline, and other antibiotics.

The study identified the presence of the tet(W) and erm(B) genes in the S. suis strain YA, which confer resistance to tetracyclines and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin antibiotics, respectively.

Microplastics enhance the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in mariculture sediments by enriching host bacteria and promoting horizontal gene transfer.

Two L. delbrueckii isolates exhibited tetracycline resistance due to the presence of the tet(W) gene, which encodes a ribosomal protection protein. The study highlights the emergence of L. delbrueckii as a uropathogen in elderly patients, with most isolates showing susceptibility to various antibiotics except for intrinsic resistance to fosfomycin and metronidazole.

The study identified the presence of tetracycline resistance gene tet(W) and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin resistance gene erm(B) in a Streptococcus suis strain isolated from a human case of meningitis in Italy. Additionally, a mutation in the pbp1a gene was found to be responsible for penicillin resistance.

The study investigated the metabolism of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) by bifidobacteria and lactobacilli isolated from human milk and mother-infant fecal samples, along with their antibiotic resistance profiles. Bifidobacterium bifidum showed the highest HMO degradation capability and was the most antibiotic-susceptible species, whereas Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis was resistant to most tested antibiotics.