The study identified numerous antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in livestock and soil microbiomes, including tetracycline resistance genes (tet(W)_1, tet(Q)_1, tet(O)_1, tet(44)_1), macrolide resistance gene (ole(B)_1), colistin resistance genes (mcr-1.11, mcr-5.1, mcr-7.1), and vancomycin resistance genes (vanG, vanA-B, vanH-B, vanXY-G).