The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in E. coli isolates from a commercial beef processing plant, including beta-lactamase genes (blaCMY, blaSHV, blaTEM), tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2), and aminoglycoside resistance genes (strA, strB).

The study identified several AMR genes, including blaTEM1, tetA, tetB, tetC, sul1, and sul2, in Escherichia coli from cattle fecal deposits. These genes conferred resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and sulfonamides.

The study identified the presence of tetB, catA, and blaTEM genes in Shigella isolates, which confer resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin, respectively. These genes were detected through PCR analysis in a significant proportion of the isolates.

The study characterizes several efflux pumps in Acinetobacter spp., including AdeABC, AdeIJK, AdeFGH, CraA, AmvA, AbeM, AbeS, AdeXYZ, AdeDE, TetA, TetB, CmlA, FloR, and QacE, which contribute to multidrug resistance by expelling antibiotics and other compounds.

The study identified the presence of the tetB gene in tetracycline-resistant E. coli strains, which is associated with tetracycline efflux and contributes to increased mobility of these strains in saturated porous media.

The study identified the tetB gene as responsible for tetracycline resistance in E. coli strains isolated from Lake Michigan, demonstrating that tetracycline-resistant strains exhibit higher mobility in saturated porous media compared to susceptible strains.

The study identified the presence of tetA and tetB genes in food-borne Bacillus cereus isolates, indicating plasmid-mediated tetracycline resistance and potential horizontal gene transfer.

The study presents a microarray-based serogenotyping assay for Salmonella, demonstrating high correlation between genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. Several AMR genes were identified and validated, showing strong association with AMR phenotypes.

The study identifies eight tetracycline resistance genes (tetB, tetC, tetD, tetH, tetL, tetY, tetM, and tetW) in the gut microbiota of honeybees, highlighting the accumulation of resistance determinants due to long-term antibiotic exposure in beekeeping practices.

The study developed a DNA microarray for genotyping antibiotic resistance determinants in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates, identifying numerous resistance genes and mutations associated with carbapenem, aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolone, and other antibiotic resistances.

The study identifies multiple efflux pumps, porins, and β-lactamases contributing to multidrug resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii, including adeB, adeJ, tetB, tetA(39), and aacC1, aphA1, aadB genes, along with mutations in gyrA and parC.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in E. coli isolates from beef cattle in Japan, highlighting the diversity of resistance mechanisms and the potential for horizontal gene transfer.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in E. coli isolates from diarrheic calves in Iran, including aadA1, sul1, aac[3]-IV, dfrA1, tetA, and tetB, which confer resistance to streptomycin, sulfonamide, gentamicin, trimethoprim, and tetracycline.

The study identified gyrA and parC gene mutations contributing to ciprofloxacin resistance and tetB gene presence linked to tetracycline resistance in A. baumannii isolates.

The study identifies the presence of class 1 integrons and bla CTX-M-15 genes in commensal E. coli isolates from healthy individuals in Chandigarh, India. It also detects several gene cassettes conferring resistance to trimethoprim, streptomycin, spectinomycin, streptothricin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and sulfonamides.

The study identified various tetracycline, sulfonamide, and beta-lactam resistance genes in goat and lamb slaughterhouse surfaces and meat products, highlighting the prevalence of tet genes and their potential role in the spread of antibiotic resistance.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in commensal E. coli from dairy and beef cattle, including blaTEM, blaSHV, aadA1, tetA, tetB, and tetC. These genes conferred resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Dairy cattle isolates showed higher resistance rates compared to beef cattle.

The study identified two multiple drug-resistant strains, GG6-2 and GG6-1-1, from feces of wild Western Lowland Gorillas in Gabon. Strain GG6-1-1 was found to carry the tetB gene, which confers resistance to tetracycline.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Choleraesuis strains, including blaTEM, strA, strB, aadA1, aadA2, aphA1, aacC2, tetB, sul1, sul2, dhfrXII, and dhfrXIII. Additionally, mutations in the QRDRs of gyrA and parC were associated with quinolone resistance.

The study identified bla CTX-M-15, aac (3)-IIa, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, qnrB4, qnrS1, aac (6')-Ib-cr, bla OXA-1, bla TEM-1B, bla SHV-12, bla CMY-42, bla DHA-1, mphA, ermB, catA1, catB3, sul1, sul2, dfrA12, dfrA17, dfrA1, dfrA5, tetA, tetB, and tetD as key AMR genes in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates in Nepal, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance.

The study identified blaCTX-M-1, qnrB1, tetA, tetB, sul1, sul2, and sul3 genes in avian ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from Tunisia, highlighting their role in resistance to beta-lactams, quinolones, and sulfonamides.

The study identifies tetA, tetB, intl1, and qnrB as genes associated with antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli, highlighting their roles in tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and quinolone resistance.

The study reports the draft genome sequence of an E. coli strain carrying 12 acquired antibiotic resistance genes, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, sulfonamide resistance, trimethoprim resistance, tetracycline resistance, and streptothricin resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli isolates from wastewater effluents, including strA, aadA, catI, cmlA1, blaTEM, and various tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetK, tetM). These genes conferred resistance to multiple antibiotics such as streptomycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and tetracycline.

The study identified blaOXA-23 and blaAmpC genes contributing to carbapenem and extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance, and mutations in pmrA, pmrB, lpxD, lpxC, and lpsB genes linked to polymyxin resistance in A. baumannii AC30.

The study identified the tetB gene as a key determinant of minocycline resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, and demonstrated that combination therapy with colistin was more effective against minocycline-resistant isolates compared to other combinations.

The study identified the presence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella isolates from commercial chickens and human clinical samples in South Africa and Brazil. Key resistance genes included pse-1 (ampicillin), ant (3")-la (gentamicin), tet A and tet B (tetracycline), and sul 1 and sul 2 (sulfamethoxazole).

The study identifies ICEApl1, an integrative conjugative element in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, which contains tetracycline resistance genes tetB, tetC, tetD, and tetR. This element confers tetracycline resistance and was found in serovar 8 isolates.

The study identified 65 unique resistance genes in nontyphoidal Salmonella, including bla CTX-M1 and bla SHV2a, which were first reported in retail meat isolates in the United States. The research highlights the effectiveness of whole-genome sequencing in detecting antimicrobial resistance genes and correlating them with phenotypic resistance.

The study identifies the bla NDM-1 gene as a major cause of carbapenem resistance in Vibrio fluvialis isolates from Kolkata, India. Several additional resistance genes, including aadA1, aadB, aac(6')-Ib-cr, sul1, sul3, floR, bla OXA-1, bla OXA-7, bla OXA-9, bla TEM-9, bla CTX-M-3, strA, and tetB, were also characterized.

The study identified multiple S. Typhi genotypes in Nigeria, with a focus on antimicrobial resistance genes and plasmids. Key resistance genes included blaTEM-1, catA1, tetB, dfrA15, sul1, sul2, strAB, aad, and qnrS, primarily associated with the IncHI1 plasmid. Quinolone resistance was linked to gyrA mutations S83Y and S83F.

The study identified several AMR genes in Gram-negative bacteria from fresh produce, including mcr-1, qnrA1, blaGES-11, mphA, and oqxAB, highlighting the presence of mobile genetic elements and clinically relevant resistance genes.

The study found that menthol supplementation in feedlot cattle diets increased the prevalence of tetracycline-resistant E. coli isolates. Specifically, 56.9% of isolates from the menthol group were resistant to tetracycline compared to 32.7% in the control group. The study also identified the presence of tetA and tetB genes in the resistant isolates.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in E. coli isolates from healthy pet cats, including tetB, tetA, aadA, sulI, qnrS, and dhfrV, with varying prevalence rates. These genes were associated with resistance to tetracycline, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim.

The study identifies several AMR genes in ST95 E. coli strains, including blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M14, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aac3, strA, strB, tetA, tetB, tetD, sul1, sul2, dfrA5, dfrA12, dfrA17, mphA, and catA1, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, cephalothin, streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, azithromycin, and chloramphenicol.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in STEC isolates from cattle, including ampC, blaTEM, tetE, tetB, and tetC, which confer resistance to beta-lactams and tetracyclines. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring antimicrobial resistance in STEC strains.

The study identified blaCTX-M, blaTEM, tetA, and tetB genes in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from subclinical mastitis in cattle in West Bengal, indicating the presence of antibiotic resistance mechanisms.

The study identifies tetO as the primary tetracycline resistance gene in Campylobacter jejuni isolates from beef cattle and highlights gyrA mutations, particularly Thr86Ile, as a major cause of fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies several tetracycline resistance genes (tet B, tet L, tet Z, tet M, tet O, and tet X) in cultivable tetracycline-resistant bacteria from pig manure and soil, highlighting the diversity and abundance of these genes following pig manure application.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Haemophilus parasuis isolates from pigs in China, including blaTEM-1, blaROB-1, ermB, ermA, flor, catl, tetB, tetC, rmtB, rmtD, aadA1, aac(3′)-IIc, sul1, and sul2. Additionally, mutations in the gyrA and parC genes were associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified tetA and tetB genes as contributors to tetracycline resistance in Shigella isolates, with tetA being prevalent in S. sonnei and tetB in S. flexneri. Efflux pump inhibitors like CCCP reduced MIC values, indicating the involvement of efflux mechanisms in resistance.

The study reports the draft genome of a multidrug-resistant Corynebacterium striatum isolate, identifying several resistance genes including tetA, tetB, vanW, ermX, aph(3')-Ia, strA-strB, bla, and cmx, along with a mutation in the gyrA gene contributing to quinolone resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes, including aminoglycoside resistance genes (ksgA, strA, strB), beta-lactam resistance genes (blaCARB-4, blaCMY-1, blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-12, blaDHA-1, blaOXA-1, blaSHV-1, blaSHV-37, blaSHV-3, blaTEM-1A, blaTEM-1B), and tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetK, tetL), that were enriched in the gut microbiota of healthy adults following amoxicillin-clavulanic acid treatment.

The study identifies several AMR genes, including floR, fexA, and various tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetE, tetH, tetL, tetM, tet34, tet35), associated with resistance to florfenicol and oxytetracycline in gut bacteria from salmon farms. These genes were found in multiple bacterial species, highlighting the widespread nature of AMR in aquatic environments.

The study identified the presence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella in dog treats in Japan, including the blaTEM gene, aadA1, aadA2, tetB, floR, catA1, dfrA12, and intI1 genes, indicating multidrug resistance.

The study developed and validated 85 PCR assays to detect 79 AMR genes and mutations associated with resistance across 10 antimicrobial classes, focusing on E. coli. The assays showed high concordance with sequencing and phenotypic susceptibility testing, demonstrating their potential for AMR surveillance in E. coli isolates and direct stool specimens.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from broiler chickens in Jordan, including tetA, tetB, int1, sul1, sul2, blaTEM, and cat. These genes were associated with resistance to various antibiotics such as tetracycline, sulfonamides, beta-lactams, and chloramphenicol.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in commensal Escherichia coli isolates from children and domestic animals in a semirural community in Ecuador. These genes included blaTEM-1B, dfrA8, qnrB19, strA, strB, tetA, tetB, sul1, sul2, and others, contributing to resistance against multiple antibiotics such as ampicillin, trimethoprim, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole. The research highlights the role of plasmids in disseminating these AMR genes and emphasizes the complexity of AMR transmission in such environments.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes including bla OXA-1, bla TEM-1B, qnr S1, dfr A1, aad A1, sul II, tet B, and cat A1 in Shigella isolates. Additionally, novel mutations in gyr A, gyr B, par C, and par E genes were observed, contributing to quinolone resistance.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, including aadA, strAB, blaTEM, blaCARB, floR, cmlA1, catA1, qnrB19, sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA1, dfrA12, dfrA14, tetA, tetB, tetC, tetG, and mutations in gyrA. These genes and mutations were validated through whole genome sequencing and phenotypic ASTs.

The study identified multiple multidrug-resistant commensal E. coli isolates in feedlot lambs in Brazil, carrying various AMR genes including bla CTX-M-2, bla CTX-M-8, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-15, bla CMY-2, aac(3)-IIa, ant(2")-Ia, qnrB, tetA, tetB, sul1, sul2, floR, and cmlA. These genes confer resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and phenicols.

The study identified bla CTX-M, bla TEM, and bla SHV as the primary ESBL genes in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from healthy humans and swine in Northern Thailand. Additionally, several other AMR genes such as sul1, sul2, sul3, aadA22, aph(3')-Ia, strA, strB, aadA2, aadA5, qnrS1, tetA, tetB, tetD, arr2, and mefB were characterized.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in non-O157 E. coli isolates from cattle fecal samples, including tetA, tetB, blaTEM-1, aadA1, and catA1, which were associated with resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol.

The study identified several tetracycline, macrolide, aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, sulfonamide, mercury, and biocide resistance genes in beef feedlots, catch basin water, soil, and urban sewage influent. Tetracycline resistance was predominant in beef production systems, while urban sewage influent showed a diverse resistome with resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes.

The study identified tetracycline resistance mediated by tetB, ampicillin resistance via blaTEM, and streptomycin resistance through aadA and strpA/strpB genes in E. coli isolates from pastured goats. Mutations in gyrA conferred resistance to nalidixic acid.

The study identified 25 antibiotic resistance genes in Vibrio harveyi 345, including genes for tetracycline (tetm, tetb), fluoroquinolone (qnrs), trimethoprim (dfra17), sulfonamide (sul2), and others, highlighting the role of horizontal gene transfer in its multidrug resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, including bla OXA-23-like, bla OXA-40-like, bla OXA-51-like, bla VIM, bla PER-1, bla VEB-1, and tetB, which contribute to resistance against carbapenems, beta-lactams, and tetracyclines.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the gut of young children in urban Maputo, Mozambique, including aadA1, SHV, ermA, ermB, mefA, tetA, tetB, and others, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identifies several antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and zinc tolerance genes in commensal Escherichia coli from weaned pigs, highlighting the impact of high-dose zinc oxide diets on selecting for resistant strains.

The study identifies several AMR genes, including tetA, tetB, Mel, TolC, and mdtP, which are associated with resistance to tetracyclines and macrolides, and are influenced by drug use in the gut microbiota.

The study identified multiple AMR genes, including tetB, tetQ, ermA, ermB, and dfrA1, which were associated with tetracycline, macrolide, and trimethoprim resistance in porcine fecal samples. These genes were found to be prevalent and diverse, with no significant changes in their abundance despite antimicrobial treatments.

The study identified mcr-1 as the primary cause of colistin resistance in E. coli isolates from broiler chickens in Tai'an, China, with high prevalence of multidrug resistance involving genes like bla TEM, bla CTX-M, aphA3, tetA, tetB, tetC, sul1, and sul2.

The study characterizes two carbapenemase-producing E. coli strains carrying blaNDM-5 and blaOXA-181, along with various other resistance genes such as qnrS1, blaCTX-M-15, aac(6')-lb-cr, catB3, sul1, dfrA17, qacEΔ1, aadA5, rmtB, ermB, mphA, tetB, catA1, dfrA14, dfrA12, blaTEM-1B, and blaCMY-42.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance (AR) determinants in dairy products and processing environments, including genes conferring resistance to beta-lactams, tetracyclines, glycopeptides, macrolides, and streptogramins. Notably, Lactococcus lactis was found to be a significant reservoir of multidrug-resistant genes.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in ESBL-producing E. coli from Nile perch and water samples in Lake Victoria, including bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1B, aadA2, aac(3)-IId, sul1, sul2, dfrA12, qepA4, tetB, tetD, mphA, mdfA, catA1, strA, strB, nfaE, iss, vat, and lpfA.

The study identified antibiotic-resistant bacteria from houseflies, including S. aureus, Salmonella spp., and E. coli, carrying resistance genes mecA, tetA, tetB, and mcr-3.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from retail foods in northern Xinjiang, China, including tetA, tetB, blaOXA, blaTEM, floR, sul1, sul2, aadAla, aadB, strA, and strB. These genes conferred resistance to tetracycline, beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, and streptomycin.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from retail foods in northern Xinjiang, China, including tetA, tetB, blaOXA, blaTEM, floR, sul1, sul2, aadAla, aadB, strA, and strB. These genes conferred resistance to tetracycline, beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, and streptomycin.

The study identified the co-occurrence of mcr-1, mcr-3, mcr-7.1, and various clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes in environmental and fecal samples from a Brazilian zoo, highlighting the potential reservoir of these genes in zoological environments.

The study identifies multiple multidrug resistance plasmids in Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, including novel versions of pAQU-group plasmids carrying resistance genes such as tetB, floR, sul2, qnrVC, dfrA, and strAB.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli isolates from meat in South Africa, including aadA, strA, aph(3)-Ia, aph(3)-IIa, aac(3)-IIa, blaTEM, blaZ, ampC, cat1, cat2, cmlA1, sul1, sul2, tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, and tetM, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as streptomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, gentamicin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, and tetracycline.

The study identified several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas sp. isolates from water sources, including blaGES, qnrS, qepA, tetB, aac(3')-IIa, and ant(2'')-Ia, which confer resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in MDR E. coli strains from captive wild animals, highlighting the presence of CTX-M-8 and CTX-M-65 beta-lactamases, along with various other resistance mechanisms such as aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolone resistance genes, as well as mutations in quinolone resistance-determining regions.

The case report describes the successful use of cefiderocol in treating extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii osteomyelitis, highlighting the identification of several resistance genes including blaOXA-23, blaOXA-66, armA, and tetB through whole-genome sequencing.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in Enterococcus species isolated from yaks, including ermA, ermB, tetA, tetB, tetM, tetL, cat, optrA, and poxtA. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and linezolid. Additionally, a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterococcus strains was observed.

The study identified several AMR genes associated with different antimicrobial classes in swine fecal samples from farms with varying antimicrobial usage levels. These genes included beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, fluoroquinolone resistance genes, macrolide resistance markers, polymyxin resistance genes, phenicol resistance genes, and trimethoprim resistance genes.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Campylobacter species isolated from retail fresh milk and water samples, including catII, tetA, tetB, tetM, ermB, gyrA, ampC, and aac(3)-IIa-(aacC2). These genes were associated with resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, and ampicillin.

The study identifies various antibiotic resistance genes in commensal E. coli isolates, highlighting the prevalence of resistance genes on F plasmids and the role of mobile genetic elements in their dissemination.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in enterovirulent E. coli isolates from adult patients in Cameroon, including blaTEM, blaOxa, cat1, cat2, tetB, tetA, tetG, sul2, and dfrA12, along with mutations in gyrA and parC contributing to quinolone resistance.

The study identifies a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain carrying several AMR genes, including blaCTX-M-15, blaTEM-1B, blaSHV-27, aac(3)-IId, aadA1, sul2, tetB, tetD, fosA-like, oqxA, oqxB, and qnrE1, highlighting the potential of native Amazonian fish as reservoirs of clinically relevant AMR genes.

The study identifies tetB as a tetracycline resistance gene that increases in abundance in the gut microbiota of honey bees following oxytetracycline treatment. Supplementation with Lactobacillus strains (LX3) mitigates antibiotic-associated microbiota dysbiosis and immune deficits.

The study identified the tetracycline resistance gene tetB as the most prevalent resistance gene in fecal E. coli from neonatal calves, highlighting its association with tetracycline resistance and potential transmission from maternal colostrum.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in E. coli from dairy calves, including aac(6')Ib-cr, bla-CTX-M, bla-TEM, tetA, tetB, and gyrA mutations. These genes and mutations were associated with resistance to various antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, tetracycline, and others.

The study identified several AMR genes in Vibrio scophthalmi strain VSc190401, including those conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, and polymyxins. Some of these genes were validated experimentally.

The study identified the presence of bla CTX-M, sul1, tetA, and tetB genes in Escherichia coli isolates from various stages of the farm-to-fork continuum in intensive poultry production in South Africa.

The study identified various beta-lactamase genes (bla TEM, bla CTX-M, bla SHV, bla OXA-1-like, bla PER, bla VIM, bla IMP, bla KPC, bla GES, bla OXA-48-like), plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase genes (bla EBC, bla ACC, bla FOX, bla CIT), tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetD, tetM), chloramphenicol resistance gene (catII), and sulfonamide resistance gene (sulII) in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from Tsomo and Tyhume rivers.

The study identified tetB and tetL genes as tetracycline resistance genes in Moraxella catarrhalis. Mutations in the 16S rRNA genes (C1036T and/or G460A) were associated with omadacycline resistance.

The study identifies several antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factors (VFs) in extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) strains, highlighting their association with molecular types and resistance profiles.

The study identifies several AMR genes in E. coli strains isolated from humans and pet animals, including blaTEM, qnrS1, qnrB1, blaCMY-2, blaCMY-59, tetA, tetB, sul1, sul2, and sul3, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, quinolones, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides.

The study identifies multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from clinical samples in Balochistan, highlighting the presence of tetracycline resistance gene tetB, sulfonamide resistance gene Sul1, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase gene SHV. Additionally, virulence factors fimH1 and EntB were detected.

The study identified several AMR genes, including bla TEM, bla CTX-M, bla CMY, tetA, tetB, sul1, sul2, aadA, and dfrIa, in multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from both organized and unorganized pig farms in Mizoram, India.

The study identified antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus from wildlife meat and feces, including blaCMY, aadA, sul1, sul2, tetA, tetB, tetK, tetL, tetM, vanA, vanB, and blaZ, which conferred resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, tetracycline, vancomycin, and penicillin.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in APEC isolates, including blaTEM, aac(3)-VIa, aac(3)-VIb, aadA, tetA, tetB, dfr7, qacEΔ, qnr, sul1, intl1, arsC, and merA. These genes conferred resistance to multiple antibiotics such as beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, quinolones, sulfonamides, and heavy metals.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes in endophytic ESBL-producing Enterobacterales isolated from fresh vegetables, highlighting their potential role in the spread of antibiotic resistance.

The study identified the tetracycline resistance gene tetB in 16 out of 21 Iranian G. anatis strains, contributing to the multidrug resistance profile of these isolates.

The study identified various carbapenemase genes (blaNDM-1, blaNDM-5, blaVIM-1, blaVIM-6, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-58, blaOXA-66, blaOXA-69, blaOXA-91, blaOXA-181, blaOXA-50) and other resistance genes (such as armA, rmtC, rmtF, aac(3)-I, aadA1, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-VI, aph(3')-Via, aph(6')-Id, mphE, msrE, mphA, ereA, dfrA1, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA17, dfrA20, sul1, sul2, tetB, tetD, tetG, tet39, qnrVC1, qnrS1, qnrB4, floR, catA1, catA2, catB3, catB7, cmlA1, cmlA5, arr-3, arr-2, sat2, acrF, mdtM, emrD, mexA, mexE, mexX, kdeA, oxa-10, oxa-395, oxa-396, oxa-846, adc-25, dha-1, act-16, cmY, ctx-m-15, shv-67, tem-1b) in carbapenem non-susceptible clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria in Kenya, highlighting the diversity and prevalence of multidrug resistance.

This study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Pasteurella multocida, including aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, tetracycline, macrolide, and sulfonamide resistance genes, highlighting the diverse resistance mechanisms present in this pathogen.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in APEC isolates from chickens and ducks in South Korea, including mcr-1, blaTEM, blaCTX-M group I, blaCTX-M group IV, mphA, cat, floR, cmlA, strA-B, aadA, sul1, sul2, tetA, and tetB. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as colistin, ampicillin, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline. The study also highlighted the zoonotic potential of certain APEC isolates, particularly those belonging to phylogenetic group B2.

The study identified various AMR genes in commensal E. coli isolates from healthy university students in Portugal, including bla TEM, tetA, tetB, sul1, sul2, sul3, parC, and gyrA, indicating the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in the intestinal microbiota.

The study identified a chromosomally encoded multidrug-resistance cassette carrying resistance genes against chloramphenicol (catA1), streptomycin (aadA1), sulfonamides (sul1), and a mercury resistance module, as well as a 5.7-kbp plasmid with tetB encoding an ABC transporter in Yersinia enterocolitica strains from a foodborne outbreak in Sweden.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in E. coli isolates from livestock and wildlife, including bla CMY, aad A1, sul 1, sul 2, tet A, and tet B, which conferred resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline. The research highlights differences in resistance patterns between co-grazing and non-co-grazing animals.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in E. coli isolates from different animal sources, highlighting the presence of ESBL genes such as bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1B, and bla CMY-28, as well as mutations in parC and gyrA that confer resistance to fluoroquinolones.

The study identified the presence of antibiotic resistance genes gyrA, STrB, and TetB in clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, indicating resistance to ciprofloxacin, aminoglycosides, and tetracycline, respectively.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli isolates from healthy and diarrheic dogs, including blaTEM-1, qnrB, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, tetA, tetB, dfrA, sul1, sul2, int1, and tn3. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, and sulfonamide.

The study identifies several AMR genes in A. baumannii 17, including armA, sul2, tetB, and aac6'-1b, which confer resistance to beta-lactam, sulfonamide, tetracycline, and aminoglycoside antibiotics, respectively.

The study identified bla(TEM), bla(CTX-M), bla(CMY), and bla(SHV) genes in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from migratory birds in Bangladesh, highlighting the role of migratory birds as potential carriers of antibiotic resistance genes.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli isolates from bovine mastitis, including beta-lactamases (blaTEM-1, blaCARB-3, blaCMY-59), tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aph(3')-Ia, aph(3'')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aadA2), and multidrug efflux pump genes (acrA, acrB, acrD, tolC, baeR, emrA, emrB).

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from sub-Saharan Africa, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance.

The study analyzed 70,301 E. coli genomes and identified 1,027,651 antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs). It found that certain ARGs were distributed according to the phylogenetic background of the strains, showing phenotypic adaptive convergence. The study also identified four instances of potential horizontal gene transfer of ARGs from non-Proteobacteria to E. coli.

The study highlights the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in non-typhoid Salmonella isolates from meat and meat products, emphasizing the resistance patterns to antibiotics such as tetracycline, sulfonamides, ampicillin, and streptomycin. It identifies Enteritidis and Typhimurium as the most common serovars with significant resistance levels.

The study identified the presence of sulI, sulII, tetA, tetB, intI, and intII genes in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, highlighting the role of these mobile genetic elements in the spread of antibiotic resistance.

The study identified multiple multidrug resistance genes, including blaTEM-1B, strA, strB, sul2, and tetB, in Salmonella enterica serovar 4,5,12:i:- isolates from Thailand, which contribute to resistance against ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline.

The study identified the tetB gene as the most prevalent tetracycline resistance gene in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from urine cultures in Turkey.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli strains from commercial broilers, including bla CTX-M-1 and bla CTX-M-2 for cephalosporin resistance, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS for fluoroquinolone resistance, aac(6')-Ib-cr for fluoroquinolone and aminoglycoside resistance, tetA and tetB for tetracycline resistance, sul1 and sul2 for sulfonamide resistance, aadA for aminoglycoside resistance, dfrA and dfrB for trimethoprim resistance, and mcr1 and mcr2 for polymyxin resistance.

The study identified E. coli isolates from raw milk samples carrying virulence factors eae, hly, and stx2, along with antibiotic resistance genes blaTEM, tetA(A), and tetB, demonstrating multidrug resistance to several antibiotics.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli isolates from layer breeder farms in Korea, including bla TEM-1, tetA, tetB, qnrB, qnrS, sul1, sul2, aac(3)-II, and aac(6')-Ib. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, tetracyclines, quinolones, sulfonamides, and aminoglycosides.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in foodborne pathogens isolated from dairy cattle and poultry manure amended farms in Northeastern Ohio, including mphA, aadA, aphA1, tetA, aac(3)-IV, sulII, blaTEM, tetB, strA, aac(3)-Iva, ampC, lde, ermB, tet(O), aadB, penA, blaOXA-61, aadE, and aph-3-1.

The study identified several AMR genes, including blaTEM, tetA, tetB, nfsA, and nfsB, in multidrug-resistant Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium isolates. These genes conferred resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and nitrofurantoin. Additionally, biosynthesized silver nanoparticles showed promising antimicrobial activity against these resistant strains.

The study identified the bla CTX-M gene in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Salmonella strains, along with tetA, tetB, and dfrA1 genes in tetracycline and trimethoprim-resistant strains. High levels of multidrug resistance were observed.

The study identifies 33 distinct AMR genes associated with mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in Pasteurellaceae species, highlighting the role of MGEs in the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

The study identified tetA and tetB genes in E. coli isolates from pet birds, which are associated with tetracycline resistance through efflux pump mechanisms.

The study identifies blaTEM-1D and tetB as resistance genes in Haemophilus isolates, correlating with ampicillin and tetracycline resistance, respectively.

Flavophospholipol (FPL) effectively reduced the abundance of tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli in pig feces by inhibiting conjugational transfer and growth of resistant plasmids carrying tetA, tetB, blaTEM-1B, mdfA, aph(3')-I, sul2, aadA1, and dfrA1.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Chilean Shigella sonnei strains, including blaOXA-1, aadA1, cat, tetB, and dfrA14, which are associated with resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and trimethoprim, respectively. The SRL PAI and class 1 and 2 integrons play a significant role in the dissemination of multidrug-resistant strains.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in STEC and EPEC isolates from imported foods in China, including blaTEM-1B, tetA, tetB, catA1, cmlA1, aadA1, aph(4)-Ia, aac(3)-IV, aph(6)-Id, aph(3")-Ib, sul3, dfrA12, and qnrS1, which conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin.

The study identified several AMR genes in Salmonella isolates from the swine food chain, including parC, catA1, nfsB, nfsA, blaTEM, tetA, and tetB, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, piperacillin, and tetracycline.

The study identifies bla NDM-5 producing Escherichia coli in Tanzania, highlighting the presence of carbapenem resistance and other resistance genes on various plasmids.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from mastitis-affected cows, including mecA, tetK, tetL, tetA, tetB, sul1, and sul2. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and methicillin.

The study identified several AMR genes in MDR Shiga toxigenic E. coli (STEC) isolated from diarrheic dogs in Egypt, including bla TEM, bla CTX-M, bla KPC, bla NDM-1, tet A, tet B, sul 1, and qnr A. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and quinolones.

The study identified multiple plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance genes in gut commensal Escherichia coli isolates from healthy individuals, highlighting the potential risk of these bacteria as reservoirs of resistance traits.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in Salmonella isolates from Senegal, highlighting the prevalence of resistance to fluoroquinolones, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, tetracycline, and erythromycin. Key genes included aac(3)-Id, aadA7, blaTEM-1b, blaDHA-1, blaOXA-10, blaCMY-2, dfrA1, dfrA14, floR, fosA, qnrB19, qnrB7, sul2, tetA, tetB, aph(3')-Ib, aph(3")-Ib, and aph(6)-Id. Mutations in parC and gyrA were also associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified various AMR genes in pathogenic E. coli strains from cattle in Romania and France, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains and the diversity of resistance mechanisms.

The review identified several AMR genes in pathogens associated with calf diarrhea and pneumonia, including beta-lactamases (blaCMY, blaCTX-M, blaTEM), tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetM, tetO), aminoglycoside resistance genes (strA, strB, aadA), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2), phenicol resistance genes (cat, floR), and macrolide/lincosamide resistance genes (cfr, ermB).

The study identified multiple AMR genes in multidrug-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from Kuwait, including beta-lactamases (blaKPC-2, blaCTX-M-15, blaOXA-1, blaCMY-4, blaTEM), aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (aac(3)-IIa, aph(6)-Id, aadA5), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2), quinolone resistance genes (gyrA_D87N, qnrB1), and others. Colistin resistance was linked to the pmrB_R256G mutation.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in C. difficile isolates from Mexico, including cfrE, ermB, aadE, aadA27, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, catP, blaCDD2, blaCCD1, tetM, tetO, tetB, tetA, and cdeA, along with mutations in rpoB, rpoC, fusA, and pbp2 associated with resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identified several AMR genes in non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from pork retail outlets and slaughterhouses in Vietnam, including blaTEM-1, blaTEM-150, blaLAP-2, blaCTX-M-55, dfrA12, dfrA14, floR, cmlA1, tetA, tetB, tetM, mcr-1, mcr-3, qnrS1, mphA, aadA1, aadA2, aac(6')-laa, aac(6')-ly, sul1, sul2, sul3, aph(3")-lb, and aph6-ld. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, penicillins, first-generation cephalosporins, quinolones, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, colistin, macrolides, gentamicin, sulfonamides, and others.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella enterica isolates from a mixed-use watershed in Georgia, USA, including bla CMY-2, aadA2, strA, strB, sul1, sul2, tetA, tetC, floR, and dfrA12, which conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including bla TEM-1, strA-strB, sul2, tetB, and bla CTX-M, in Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- isolates from Guizhou, China, highlighting the high prevalence of multidrug resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes, including blaTEM, aadA, tetA, and tetB, in NTS strains from chicken meat in Indonesia. Additionally, mutations in gyrA were linked to resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in metagenomic sequencing data from chronically ill feedlot cattle, including genes conferring resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, phenicols, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim. Notably, tetH was the most frequently detected resistance gene, and several ARGs were found to be associated with integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs).

The paper characterizes Escherichia coli ST1193 as an emerging multidrug-resistant clone with various AMR determinants, including beta-lactamases (bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-55, bla OXA-1, bla TEM-1, bla CMY-42, bla CMY-2), aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (aac(3)-IIa, aac(3)-IId, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aph(3′′)-Ib, aph(6)-Id), and other resistance genes (mcr-1, mph(A), erm(B), dfrA8, dfrA12, dfrA17, sul1, sul2, tetA, tetB).

The study identified the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) such as blaTEM and tetB in drinking water samples, along with antimicrobial residues like doxycycline. It also found various ARGs in sewage samples, highlighting the importance of water sources as reservoirs of AMR.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations associated with resistance to various antibiotics in wastewater environments, highlighting the role of these genes in the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes, including bla SHV-1, QnrS, ermC, tetA, tetB, aacC2, and aadA1, in various sources such as humans, animals, and water in an urban informal settlement in Nepal.

The study identified colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates with resistance genes including bla OXA-23, bla NDM-1, lps B, and various efflux pumps. These isolates exhibited extensive drug resistance (XDR) and were associated with sequence types ST1 and ST2.

The study identified 11 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in Avibacterium paragallinarum P4chr1, including bl2d_oxa1, aph33ib, cml_e3, and tetB, which confer resistance to beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, phenicol, and tetracycline antibiotics, respectively. These ARGs were transferred via outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) to a susceptible strain, although the resistance was transient.

The study identified a multidrug-resistant ST648 E. coli isolate carrying various AMR genes, including blaCTX-M-2, blaCMY-2, qnrB, tetB, sul1, sul2, aadA1, aac(3)-VIa, and mdfA, highlighting the presence of critical priority pathogens in wild birds.

The paper discusses the prevalence and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, focusing on tetracycline resistance genes such as tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetE, tetI, and tetY in Escherichia coli. These genes are associated with efflux mechanisms that contribute to resistance against tetracycline.

The study identified several AMR genes in multi-drug resistant E. coli isolates, including bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-65, bla OXA-1, bla OXA-2, bla CMY-2, bla NDM-1, bla NDM-5, aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-IIe, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aad A5, ant(2′′)-Ia, aph(3′′)-Ib, aph(3′′)-VI, aph(6)-Id, ermB, ermD, fosA3, fosA7, mdtM, emrD, sul1, sul2, sul3, tetA, tetB, tetM, dfrA1, dfrA7, dfrA8, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA17, dfrA82, dfrB4, qepA, qepA1, qepA2, qepA4, qnrB19, qnrS1, qacE, catA1, catA2, catB3, cmlA1, mphA.

The study identified multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 in urban rats in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo, highlighting their potential role as reservoirs of invasive Salmonella. The resistant isolates carried genes such as blaTEM-1, strA, strB, ant(3')-Ia, aac(3')-IId, sul1, sul2, dfrA1, tetB, and catA10, conferring resistance to multiple antibiotics.

The study identified ten antibiotic resistance genes in the E. coli Rize-53 isolate, including blaOXA-1, blaOXA-2, aac(6')-II, aac(6')-Ib-cr, tetB, catB3, qacE, sitABCD, mdfA, and sul2, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, and quaternary ammonium compounds.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in Enterococcus isolates from various aquatic environments, highlighting the role of anthropogenic pressure in the spread of antibiotic-resistant enterococci.

The study identified several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from goats, including bla CTXM-1, bla AmpC, bla SHV, bla TEM, bla CMY-6, bla CITM, bla NDM-5, qnr B, qnr S, aac(6')-Ib-cr, tet A, tet B, sul 1, and the acrAB efflux pump system.

The study identified several AMR genes in Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus sp. strains, including beta-lactamases, chloramphenicol acetyltransferases, macrolide resistance determinants, efflux pump genes, and sulfonamide resistance proteins. These genes contribute to resistance against various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Avibacterium paragallinarum, including tetB, bla CTX-M-14, bla OXA-1, bla ROB-1, mef(B), ant, aac, and aph, which confer resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, erythromycin, tylosin, and gentamicin.

The study identified carbapenemase genes blaIMP, blaOXA-48-like, and blaNDM, along with tetracycline resistance genes tetA and tetB, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance genes dfrA1 and sul1 in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolates from chicken meat and eggs in Iraq.

The study identified blaTEM, cmlA, and tetB as the primary antimicrobial resistance genes in Y. enterocolitica isolates from meat products in South Africa, with high prevalence of resistance to ampicillin, cephalothin, and tetracycline.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in 47 Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from India, including blaOXA-23, blaADC-73, aac(3)-I, aadA, aph(3')-Ib, sul1, sul2, and lpsB. These genes contribute to resistance against carbapenems, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, and polymyxins.

The study identifies 15 antimicrobial resistance genes in Corynebacterium striatum, including genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, sulfonamides, and cationic antiseptics. These genes are often located in genomic islands and mobile genetic elements, highlighting the role of horizontal gene transfer in the spread of multidrug resistance.

The study identifies the bla CTX-M-14 gene in Escherichia coli isolates from sparrows, along with bla CTX-M-15 and bla CTX-M-1 in turkey and chicken isolates, highlighting the role of wild birds in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance.

The study identifies several AMR genes in E. coli strains, including aadA, strA/strB, aphA1, aphA2, tetA, tetB, sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA1, dfrA10, dfrA12, floR, and blaSHV, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as streptomycin, neomycin, tetracycline, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, and cephalosporins.

The study identified AMR genes sul2, tetB, and blaTEM-1B in a monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium ST34 outbreak involving humans and dogs.

The study identified several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from a COVID-19 hospital in Zagreb, including bla CTX-M-15 in E. coli and various bla OXA variants in A. baumannii. These genes conferred resistance to beta-lactams and aminoglycosides.

The study presents a Cross-Validated Feature Selection (CVFS) approach for identifying the most parsimonious gene sets for predicting antimicrobial resistance (AMR) from bacterial pan-genomes. The CVFS approach was able to extract both known and novel AMR genes, demonstrating its effectiveness in selecting relevant features for AMR prediction.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli isolates from wild and domestic animals in Thailand, including blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCMY-2, aac(3)-IV, aadA, tetA, tetB, qnrA, sul3, dfrA1, dfrA5, and dfrA7, which conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, gentamicin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

The study identified multiple antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) in culturable bacteria from a non-polar glacier in Pakistan, highlighting the presence of resistance mechanisms against various antibiotics.