Browse AMR Genes

parE: p.D475E parE: p.I529L parE: p.I444F parE: p.S458T parE: p.S458A

Protein Change: D435N
Organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To: levofloxacin|clinafloxacin
Validation Method: DNA sequence analysis
Source Database: Reslit

Mutation rate and evolution of fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from patients with urinary tract infections.

PMID 14506034 · 2003

Unknown phenotype if I444F occurs alone. Nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance when associated with gyrA mutations

Unknown phenotype if S458T or S458A occur alone. Nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance when associated with gyrA mutations

Unknown phenotype if I529L occurs alone. Nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance when associated with gyrA mutations.

parE

Mutation Information

Protein Change: D475E, I529L, I444F, S458T, S458A
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: norfloxacin|ciprofloxacinnalidixic acid|ciprofloxacinquinolones
Effect on Function: Target modification; DNA topoisomerase IV subunit B ParE
Validation Method: DNA sequencing
Source Database: ReslitResFinder DatabaseReference Gene Catalog

Activities of garenoxacin against quinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in vitro and in a mouse pneumonia model.

PMID 14982762 · 2004

Mutation in parE leads to quinolone resistance

Mutation Information

parE: p.D435N parE: p.I460V

Protein Change: D435N, I460V
Organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|garenoxacin|sparfloxacin|trovafloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Selection of cross-resistance following exposure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates to ciprofloxacin or cefepime.

PMID 15917569 · 2005

Mutation Information

parE: p.S468F parE: p.S468Y parE: p.P394R parE: p.D72G parE: p.D87N parE: p.D87H parE: p.D87Y parE: p.D87G parE: p.A67S parE: p.E470D

Protein Change: S468F, S468Y, P394R, D72G, D87N, D87H, D87Y, D87G, A67S, E470D
Organisms: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|garenoxacin
Validation Method: PCR and sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Horizontal transfer of fluoroquinolone resistance genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae

PMID 16189113 · 2003

Mutations in parE are associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

Mutation Information

parE: p.D435N parE: p.P454S parE: p.E474K

Protein Change: D435N, P454S, E474K
Organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: sequencing and MIC testing
Source Database: Reslit

Fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella sp. in carcasses.

PMID 17080579 · 2006

Mutation Information

parE: p.V461G parE: p.H462Y

Protein Change: S458P
Organisms: Salmonella enterica
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|nalidixic acid
Validation Method: experimental analysis of isolates
Source Database: Reslit

Multiple regulatory pathways associated with high-level ciprofloxacin and multidrug resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis: involvement of ramA and other global regulators.

PMID 19104017 · 2009

Novel mutation in 5408-cip.

Salmonella serovars parE conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones; CARD accession: CARD:3003317

parE

Mutation Information

Protein Change: V461G, H462Y
Organisms: Salmonella enterica
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacinnalidixic acid|ciprofloxacinfluoroquinolonesquinolones
Effect on Function: Target modification; single resistance variant; DNA topoisomerase IV subunit B ParE
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: ReslitResFinder DatabaseCard DatabaseReference Gene Catalog

Analysis of ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella strains from swine, chicken, and their carcasses in Taiwan and detection of parC resistance mutations by a mismatch amplification mutation assay PCR.

PMID 19205458 · 2009

Mutation Information

parE: p.D435N parE: p.I460V parE: p.I460N parE: p.V461I

Protein Change: S458P
Organisms: Salmonella
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: DNA sequence analysis
Source Database: Reslit

Comparative study of the mutant prevention concentrations of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and gemifloxacin against pneumococci.

PMID 20008781 · 2010

mutations in quinolone resistance-determining region associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones

Mutation Information

Protein Change: D435N, I460V, I460N, V461I
Organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To: moxifloxacin|levofloxacin|gemifloxacin
Validation Method: PCR and sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Bactericidal activity of besifloxacin against staphylococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae.

PMID 20435780 · 2010

Mutation Information

parE: p.D420N parE: p.S458A parE: p.S474N

Protein Change: D420N, S458A, S474N
Organisms: Haemophilus influenzae
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Rapid pneumococcal evolution in response to clinical interventions.

PMID 21273480 · 2011

Mutation Information

parE: p.S81Y parE: p.S81F parE: p.D435N

Protein Change: D435N
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: sequence analysis
Source Database: Reslit

Differentiation in quinolone resistance by virulence genotype in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

PMID 22905192 · 2012

Mutation Information

parE: p.D419N

Protein Change: D419N
Organisms: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Confers Resistance To: levofloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Characterization of recombinant fluoroquinolone-resistant pneumococcus-like isolates.

PMID 23114769 · 2013

Mutations in parE gene associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

Mutation Information

Protein Change: S81Y, S81F, D435N
Organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: phenotypic and genotypic analysis
Source Database: Reslit

Chromosomal and plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms among broad-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates recovered from companion animals in the USA.

PMID 23302578 · 2013

Mutation Information

parE: p.R432S parE: p.E460V

Protein Change: R432S, E460V
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Antimicrobial Activity of Zabofloxacin against Clinically Isolated Streptococcus pneumoniae.

PMID 27869677 · 2016

Mutation Information

parE: p.D435N parE: p.I460V parE: p.P454S

Protein Change: D435N, I460V, P454S
Organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: PCR and sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Characteristics of Quinolone Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolates from Humans, Animals, and the Environment in the Czech Republic.

PMID 28119674 · 2016

Less common mutation in quinolone-resistant isolates

Mutation Information

parE: p.D475E

Protein Change: D475E
Organisms: E. coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: MIC testing and sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Within-host whole genome analysis of an antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain sub-type in cystic fibrosis.

PMID 28273168 · 2017

Mutation Information

parE: p.A473V

Protein Change: A473V
Organisms: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: whole genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Identification of Major Sequence Types among Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis Strains Isolated from Infected Eyes and Healthy Conjunctiva.

PMID 28824564 · 2017

Mutation Information

parE: p.N404S

Protein Change: N404S
Organisms: Staphylococcus epidermidis
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|ofloxacin|gatifloxacin|moxifloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Resistance mechanisms and fitness of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis mutants evolved under selection with ciprofloxacin in vitro.

PMID 28831084 · 2017

Mutation Information

parE: p.V461G

Protein Change: V461G
Organisms: Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: PCR and sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

The Versatile Mutational Resistome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

PMID 29681898 · 2018

parE

Mutation Information

parE: p.S457G parE: p.S457T parE: p.E459D parE: p.E459K parE: p.E459L

Protein Change: S457G, S457T, E459D, E459K, E459L
Organisms: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolonesquinolones
Effect on Function: DNA topoisomerase IV subunit B ParE
Validation Method: experimental data generated in this study
Source Database: ReslitReference Gene Catalog

A Large-Scale Whole-Genome Comparison Shows that Experimental Evolution in Response to Antibiotics Predicts Changes in Naturally Evolved Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

PMID 31570397 · 2019

Mutation Information

parE: p.S412F

Protein Change: S412F
Organisms: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing and experimental evolution
Source Database: Reslit

Hypermutator Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exploits Multiple Genetic Pathways To Develop Multidrug Resistance during Long-Term Infections in the Airways of Cystic Fibrosis Patients.

PMID 32071060 · 2020

Mutation Information

parE: p.V199M parE: p.D462G parE: p.S492F

Protein Change: V199M, D462G, S492F
Organisms: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Snapshot Study of Whole Genome Sequences of Escherichia coli from Healthy Companion Animals, Livestock, Wildlife, Humans and Food in Italy.

PMID 33172096 · 2020

Mutation Information

parE: p.D415N

Protein Change: D415N
Organisms: E. coli
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: whole genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

A Multifactorial Approach for Surveillance of Shigella spp. and Entero-Invasive Escherichia coli Is Important for Detecting (Inter)national Clusters.

PMID 33193150 · 2020

Mutation Information

parE: p.S458A parE: p.E412V

Protein Change: S458A, E412V
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacinfluoroquinolones
Validation Method: In silico resistance profiling and phenotypic resistance correlation; genomic analysis
Source Database: Reslit

Evaluation of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Clinical Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Flanders (Belgium).

PMID 33198103 · 2020

Mutation Information

parE: p.I529L parE: p.S458A

Protein Change: S458A
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: enrofloxacin
Validation Method: PCR, gel electrophoresis, and gene sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Genome-based characterization of Escherichia coli causing bloodstream infection through next-generation sequencing.

PMID 33362261 · 2020

Mutation Information

Protein Change: I529L, S458A
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: quinolones
Validation Method: ResFinder 2.1
Source Database: Reslit

Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms in Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a Cystic Fibrosis Patient

PMID 33922748 · 2023

Mutation Information

parE: p.G285S

Protein Change: G285S
Organisms: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: Whole-genome sequencing and functional analysis
Source Database: Reslit

Antibiotic tolerance, persistence, and resistance of the evolved minimal cell, Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-Syn3B.

PMID 33997676 · 2021

Mutation Information

parE: p.D1016A

Protein Change: D1016A
Organisms: Mycoplasma mycoides
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: whole-genome analysis
Source Database: Reslit

Shared and Unique Evolutionary Trajectories to Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens.

PMID 34154405 · 2021

Mutations in parE are responsible for ciprofloxacin resistance in P. aeruginosa.

Mutation Information

parE: p.V460G parE: p.S457C

Protein Change: V460G, S457C
Organisms: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: experimental characterization of genotype-to-phenotype associations; clone isolation and MIC testing
Source Database: Reslit

The Pheno- and Genotypic Characterization of Porcine Escherichia coli Isolates.

PMID 34442755 · 2021

Mutation Information

parE: p.I355T

Protein Change: I355T
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Source Database: Reslit

International High-Risk Clones Among Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

PMID 34671331 · 2021

Mutation Information

parE: p.I529L parE: p.S458A parE: p.L416F

Protein Change: I529L, S458A, L416F
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Source Database: Reslit

Phylogenetic Analysis Reveals Distinct Evolutionary Trajectories of the Fluoroquinolones-Resistant Escherichia coli ST1193 From Fuzhou, China.

PMID 34803966 · 2021

Mutation Information

parE: p.S458A parE: p.L416F

Protein Change: L416F
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|levofloxacin
Validation Method: genomic analysis
Source Database: Reslit

Identification of CTX-M Type ESBL E. coli from Sheep and Their Abattoir Environment Using Whole-Genome Sequencing.

PMID 34832635 · 2021

Mutation Information

Protein Change: S458A, L416F
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Mutational Diversity in the Quinolone Resistance-Determining Regions of Type-II Topoisomerases of Salmonella Serovars.

PMID 34943668 · 2021

ParE mutations are less common but contribute to ciprofloxacin resistance.

Mutation Information

parE: p.D420N parE: p.S493F

Protein Change: D420N, S493F
Organisms: Salmonella
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: literature review
Source Database: Reslit

A Descriptive Analysis of Urinary ESBL-Producing-Escherichia coli in Cerdanya Hospital.

PMID 35336064 · 2022

associated with ciprofloxacin resistance

Mutation Information

parE: p.S458A parE: p.I529L parE: p.S458T

Protein Change: S458A, I529L, S458T
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Role of Efflux in Antibiotic Resistance of Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Achromobacter insuavis Isolates From Patients With Cystic Fibrosis.

PMID 35418957 · 2022

Mutations in parE associated with ciprofloxacin resistance.

Mutation Information

parE: p.V41I parE: p.A150T parE: p.T593S

Protein Change: V41I, A150T, T593S
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Characterization of Mutations in DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV in Field Strains and In Vitro Selected Quinolone-Resistant Mycoplasma hyorhinis Mutants.

PMID 35453245 · 2022

Mutation Information

parE: p.E470K

Protein Change: E470K
Organisms: Mycoplasma hyorhinis
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: point mutation analysis
Source Database: Reslit

In Vitro Activity of Delafloxacin and Finafloxacin against Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma Species.

PMID 35532225 · 2022

mutations in quinolone resistance determining region

Mutation Information

parE: p.R448K

Protein Change: R448K
Organisms: Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: sequencing and MIC testing
Source Database: Reslit

Occurrence and Genomic Characterization of Clone ST1193 Clonotype 14-64 in Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections Caused by Escherichia coli in Spain.

PMID 35604206 · 2022

Mutation Information

Protein Change: L416F
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|levofloxacin|norfloxacin
Validation Method: whole genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Prevalence and molecular characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from dogs in South Korea.

PMID 39363655 · 2024

Mutation Information

parE: p.S458F parE: p.S458A parE: p.H518Y

Protein Change: S458A
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: sequencing analysis
Source Database: Reslit

Detection of antimicrobial resistance in Glaesserella parasuis in South China using whole-genome sequencing.

PMID 39839106 · 2024

Mutation Information

Protein Change: S458F, S458A, H518Y
Confers Resistance To: enrofloxacin
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Antimicrobial Resistance Genotypes and Mobile Genetic Elements of Poultry-Derived Escherichia coli: A Retrospective Genomic Study from the United States.

PMID 40872236 · 2025

Mutation Information

parE: p.I255T parE: p.S458A

Protein Change: I255T, S458A
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: genomic analysis
Source Database: Reslit

Prevalence and genetic basis of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli carriage in broiler farms in the United Arab Emirates.

PMID 41445590 · 2025

Mutation Information

parE: p.I460V parE: p.I493L parE: p.D435N

Protein Change: S458A
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Source Database: Reslit

In vitro development of resistance to five quinolones and amoxicillin-clavulanate in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

PMID 10223932 · 1999

Mutation Information

parE: p.D435G

Protein Change: D435G
Organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To: levofloxacin|sparfloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Contribution of topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase mutations in Streptococcus pneumoniae to resistance to novel fluoroquinolones.

PMID 10428926 · 1999

Mutation Information

Protein Change: I460V, I493L, D435N
Organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|levofloxacin|sparfloxacin|trovafloxacin
Validation Method: transformation and MIC testing
Source Database: Reslit

Activities and postantibiotic effects of gemifloxacin compared to those of 11 other agents against Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis.

PMID 10681330 · 2000

Mutation Information

parE: p.G405S parE: p.D420N parE: p.S458L parE: p.S474N

Protein Change: G405S, D420N, S458L, S474N
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: PCR and DNA sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Sub-inhibitory concentrations of vancomycin prevent quinolone-resistance in a penicillin-resistant isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

PMID 11454238 · 2001

Mutation Information

parE: p.D435E

Protein Change: D435E
Organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: DNA sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Levofloxacin treatment failure in Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia.

PMID 14718097 · 2003

Mutation Information

parE: p.D420N

Protein Change: D420N
Organisms: Haemophilus influenzae
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|levofloxacin
Validation Method: DNA sequencing and susceptibility testing
Source Database: Reslit

Levofloxacin-resistant invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: evidence for clonal spread and the impact of conjugate pneumococcal vaccine.

PMID 15328116 · 2004

Mutation Information

parE: p.I460V parE: p.D435E parE: p.E474K

Protein Change: I460V, D435E, E474K
Confers Resistance To: levofloxacin|ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Treatment failure in a typhoid patient infected with nalidixic acid resistant S. enterica serovar Typhi with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin: a case report from Cameroon.

PMID 15969764 · 2005

Mutation in parE was suggested as a possible cause of reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.

Mutation Information

parE: p.E401G

Protein Change: E401G
Organisms: Salmonella enterica
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: disc diffusion test and MIC determination
Source Database: Reslit

Nonmolecular test for detection of low-level resistance to fluoroquinolones in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

PMID 16436712 · 2006

Mutation Information

parE: p.N404S parE: p.D434N

Protein Change: D435N
Organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To: levofloxacin|ciprofloxacin|sparfloxacin
Validation Method: disk diffusion test
Source Database: Reslit

Mutations in the quinolone resistance determining region in Staphylococcus epidermidis recovered from conjunctiva and their association with susceptibility to various fluoroquinolones.

PMID 18460536 · 2008

Mutation Information

Protein Change: N404S, D434N
Organisms: Staphylococcus epidermidis
Confers Resistance To: levofloxacin|gatifloxacin|moxifloxacin|tosufloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing and MIC determination
Source Database: Reslit

Molecular characterization of emerging non-levofloxacin-susceptible pneumococci isolated from children in South Africa.

PMID 19261799 · 2009

Mutation Information

parE: p.R447C parE: p.D435N

Protein Change: R447C, D435N
Organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To: levofloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Changes in fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae after 7-valent conjugate vaccination, Spain.

PMID 19523289 · 2009

Mutation Information

parE: p.I476F

Protein Change: I476F
Organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: Sequencing of transformants
Source Database: Reslit

Comparison of the metabolic activities of four wild-type Clostridium perfringens strains with their gatifloxacin-selected resistant mutants.

PMID 19855959 · 2009

Mutation in topoisomerase IV gene

Mutation Information

parE: p.E486K

Protein Change: E486K
Organisms: Clostridium perfringens
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: sequencing and MIC testing
Source Database: Reslit

Repression of invasion genes and decreased invasion in a high-level fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella typhimurium mutant.

PMID 19946377 · 2009

Mutation in QRDR of parE contributes to fluoroquinolone resistance

Mutation Information

parE: p.E401K parE: p.E470K / c.G1410A

Protein Change: E401K, E470K
Nucleotide Change: G1410A
Organisms: Salmonella typhimurium
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacinciprofloxacin|norfloxacin|nalidixic acid
Validation Method: sequencing of PCR products
Source Database: Reslit

Mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from food-producing animals.

PMID 21856834 · 2011

Mutation Information

parE: p.L416F parE: p.I355T parE: p.E460V parE: p.S458A

Protein Change: L416F, I355T, E460V, S458A
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|nalidixic acid
Validation Method: DNA sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Mycoplasma genitalium Macrolide and Fluoroquinolone Resistance Detection and Clinical Implications in a Selected Cohort in New Zealand.

PMID 28878004 · 2017

Mutation Information

parE: p.A433T parE: c.C1228T parE: c.G1263A parE: c.G1384A parE: c.G1437A parE: c.T1278C

Protein Change: A433T
Nucleotide Change: C1228T, G1263A, G1384A, G1437A, T1278C
Organisms: Mycoplasma genitalium
Confers Resistance To: moxifloxacin
Validation Method: PCR and DNA sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Emerging Treatment Options for Mycoplasma genitalium Infections

PMID 28979150 · 2023

Mutations in the parE gene are associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

Mutation Information

parE: p.S83L parE: p.D87E

Protein Change: S83L, D87E
Confers Resistance To: moxifloxacin
Source Database: Reslit

Efflux Pump-Driven Antibiotic and Biocide Cross-Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Different Ecological Niches: A Case Study in the Development of Multidrug Resistance in Environmental Hotspots.

PMID 33114277 · 2020

mutations in parE contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance

Mutation Information

parE: p.D533E

Protein Change: D533E
Organisms: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Source Database: Reslit

Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance in Surrogates of Francisella tularensis (LVS and Francisella novicida): Effects on Biofilm Formation and Fitness.

PMID 33193267 · 2020

Mutations in parE are associated with ciprofloxacin resistance.

Mutation Information

parE: p.E411K

Protein Change: E411K
Organisms: Francisella novicida, Francisella tularensis
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: whole genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Molecular Characterization of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Among the Pediatric Population in Qatar.

PMID 33262745 · 2020

Mutation Information

Protein Change: I529L
Organisms: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|levofloxacin
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Whole-genome analyses of extended-spectrum or AmpC β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates from companion dogs in Japan.

PMID 33544781 · 2021

associated with fluoroquinolone resistance

Mutation Information

Protein Change: I529L
Confers Resistance To: levofloxacin|ciprofloxacin
Source Database: Reslit

Clonal Clusters, Molecular Resistance Mechanisms and Virulence Factors of Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Chronic Wounds in Ghana.

PMID 33810142 · 2021

Mutation Information

parE: p.S458A parE: p.I464F

Protein Change: S458A
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: whole genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Prevalence and Characterization of Quinolone-Resistance Determinants in Escherichia coli Isolated from Food-Producing Animals and Animal-Derived Food in the Philippines.

PMID 33918946 · 2021

Mutation Information

Protein Change: S458A, I464F
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|nalidixic acid
Validation Method: PCR and sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Characterization of beta-lactam-resistant Escherichia coli from Australian fruit bats indicates anthropogenic origins.

PMID 33950805 · 2021

Mutation Information

Protein Change: L416F
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Source Database: Reslit

Genome profiling of fluoroquinolone-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from Brazil.

PMID 34105110 · 2021

Mutation Information

parE: p.L416F parE: p.S458A

Protein Change: S458A
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ofloxacin|ciprofloxacin|nalidixic acid|levofloxacin|norfloxacin
Source Database: Reslit

Phenotypic and Genotypic Properties of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant, qnr-Carrying Escherichia coli Isolated from the German Food Chain in 2017.

PMID 34208509 · 2021

Mutation Information

parE: p.D105G

Protein Change: D105G
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|nalidixic acid
Validation Method: WGS and MIC testing
Source Database: Reslit

Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Epidemiology of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated From Female Patients in Shanghai, China.

PMID 34485168 · 2021

Mutation Information

Protein Change: L416F, S458A
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|levofloxacin
Source Database: Reslit

High-Level Quinolone-Resistant Haemophilus haemolyticus in Pediatric Patient with No History of Quinolone Exposure.

PMID 34932443 · 2022

Mutation Information

parE: p.P439S parE: p.L502F parE: p.H212Y parE: p.A725V parE: p.V214I parE: p.D596N parE: p.T251S parE: p.V270I parE: p.A599S parE: p.D740E parE: p.D442N parE: p.S784N parE: p.M591I parE: p.A641E

Protein Change: P439S, L502F, H212Y, A725V, V214I, D596N, T251S, V270I, A599S, D740E, D442N, S784N, M591I, A641E
Organisms: Haemophilus haemolyticus
Confers Resistance To: levofloxacin|tosufloxacin|moxifloxacin
Validation Method: comparison with reference strains
Source Database: Reslit

Similarities in Virulence and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Gene Profiles among Cefotaxime-Resistant Escherichia coli Wastewater and Clinical Isolates.

PMID 35203862 · 2022

Mutation Information

parE: ?

Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Genomic Profiling of Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates from Surface Water of Agricultural Drainage in North-Western Mexico: Detection of the International High-Risk Lineages ST410 and ST617.

PMID 35336237 · 2022

Single amino acid exchange in ParE

Mutation Information

Protein Change: S458A
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: genomic analysis
Source Database: Reslit

Wild Boars as an Indicator of Environmental Spread of ESβL-Producing Escherichia coli.

PMID 35432265 · 2022

Mutation Information

Protein Change: I529L
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|levofloxacin
Validation Method: genome analysis
Source Database: Reslit

Genetic and in-silico approaches for investigating the mechanisms of ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella typhi: Mutations, extrusion, and antimicrobial resistance.

PMID 39397980 · 2024

Mutation Information

parE: p.S458A parE: p.L416F

Protein Change: L416F
Organisms: Salmonella enterica
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli from Fecal Samples of Wild Animals.

PMID 39453061 · 2024

Mutation Information

Protein Change: S458A, L416F
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|levofloxacin
Source Database: Reslit

Prevalence of Shigella species and antimicrobial resistance patterns in Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis.

PMID 39472797 · 2024

Mutation at codon 408 in parE is associated with resistance to nalidixic acid but remains sensitive to ciprofloxacin.

Mutation Information

parE: p.G408S

Protein Change: G408S
Confers Resistance To: nalidixic acid
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Comparative In vitro antibacterial activity of nemonoxacin and other fluoroquinolones in correlation with resistant mechanisms in contemporary methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus blood isolates in Taiwan.

PMID 39825371 · 2025

Mutation Information

parE: p.D432N parE: p.R444C

Protein Change: D432N, R444C
Organisms: Staphylococcus aureus
Confers Resistance To: nemonoxacin|moxifloxacin|levofloxacin|ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Genomic Characterization and Antimicrobial Resistance of ESBL-Producing, Escherichia coli Isolates in Suzhou, China.

PMID 39996143 · 2025

Mutation Information

parE: p.I529L parE: p.L416F

Protein Change: I529L, L416F
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|levofloxacin
Source Database: Reslit

Ribosome Phenotypes Can Be Used to Classify Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Clinical E. coli Isolates

PMID 40011610 · 2023

Mutation in parE leads to ciprofloxacin resistance

Mutation Information

parE: p.I529L parE: p.E84V / c.A253T

Protein Change: I529L, E84V
Nucleotide Change: A253T
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: MIC testing; experimental validation via MIC testing
Source Database: Reslit

Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic mechanisms of resistance of Ureaplasma isolates in North America between 2012 and 2023.

PMID 40323432 · 2025

Mutation Information

parE: p.D426N parE: p.V417T

Protein Change: D426N, V417T
Organisms: Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum
Confers Resistance To: levofloxacin
Source Database: Reslit

In vitro evolution provides insights into mechanisms of Mycoplasma genitalium resistance to moxifloxacin.

PMID 40971933 · 2025

Mutation Information

parE: p.E468K

Protein Change: E468K
Organisms: Mycoplasma genitalium
Confers Resistance To: moxifloxacin
Validation Method: amplicon sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the DNA gyrase (gyrA) gene from Mycoplasma hominis and characterization of quinolone-resistant mutants selected in vitro with trovafloxacin.

PMID 10991851 · 2000

Mutation Information

parE: p.E466K parE: p.L446F

Protein Change: E466K, L446F
Organisms: Mycoplasma hominis
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|ofloxacin|sparfloxacin|trovafloxacinofloxacin|pefloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing and MIC testing
Source Database: Reslit

Genetic analyses of mutations contributing to fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

PMID 11709333 · 2001

Mutation Information

parE: p.E474K

Protein Change: E474K
Organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To: ofloxacin|levofloxacin
Validation Method: genetic transformation
Source Database: Reslit

Topoisomerase II and IV quinolone resistance-determining regions in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia clinical isolates with different levels of quinolone susceptibility.

PMID 11850246 · 2002

Multiple mutations in parE were found in 16 of 32 strains

Mutation Information

parE: p.S437L parE: p.S465L parE: p.S477L parE: p.S485L

Protein Change: S437L, S465L, S477L, S485L
Organisms: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Mutations in Topoisomerase Genes of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Salmonellae in Hong Kong.

PMID 14576119 · 2003

Mutation Information

parE: p.I460V parE: p.D435N / c.G1305A parE: p.E474K / c.G1422A

Protein Change: S458P
Organisms: Salmonella enterica
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|ofloxacin|sparfloxacin|levofloxacin|moxifloxacin|gemifloxacinnalidixic acid|ciprofloxacin
Effect on Function: Target modification
Validation Method: direct nucleotide sequencing
Source Database: ReslitResFinder Database

Fluoroquinolone and other antimicrobial resistance in invasive pneumococci, Hong Kong, 1995-2001.

PMID 15324545 · 2004

Mutations in parE contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance.

Mutation Information

Protein Change: I460V, D435N, E474K
Nucleotide Change: G1305A, G1422A
Confers Resistance To: levofloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Fluoroquinolone resistance in penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae clones, Spain.

PMID 15504260 · 2004

Mutation Information

parE: p.I460V

Protein Change: I460V
Organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|levofloxacin|gatifloxacin|moxifloxacin|gemifloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing and transformation experiments
Source Database: Reslit

Prevalence and molecular analysis of macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance among isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae collected during the 2000-2001 PROTEKT US Study.

PMID 15528684 · 2004

Mutation Information

parE: p.D435N parE: p.E474K parE: p.A325V

Protein Change: D435N, E474K, A325V
Organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Fitness costs of fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

PMID 17116668 · 2007

Mutation Information

Protein Change: D435N
Organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|levofloxacin|moxifloxacin|gatifloxacin
Validation Method: transformation and MIC determination
Source Database: Reslit

Fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: area under the concentration-time curve/MIC ratio and resistance development with gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin.

PMID 17296740 · 2007

Mutation Information

parE: p.S79Y

Protein Change: S79Y
Organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: sequence analysis
Source Database: Reslit

Ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, China.

PMID 18325271 · 2008

Mutation Information

Protein Change: S458P
Organisms: Salmonella enterica
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: additional mutation in ParE (S458P) identified in two ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates
Source Database: Reslit

Identification of an NDM-5-producing Escherichia coli Sequence Type 167 in a Neonatal Patient in China.

PMID 27406405 · 2016

Mutation Information

parE: p.I460V parE: p.D435V

Protein Change: L416F
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Source Database: Reslit

Novel Levofloxacin-Resistant Multidrug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 11A Isolates, South Korea.

PMID 27767906 · 2016

Mutation Information

Protein Change: I460V, D435V
Organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To: levofloxacin|ofloxacin|ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing of QRDRs
Source Database: Reslit

Genomic Analysis of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli from North Carolina Community Hospitals: Ongoing Circulation of CTX-M-Producing ST131-H30Rx and ST131-H30R1 Strains.

PMID 28584139 · 2017

Mutation Information

Protein Change: I529L
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|levofloxacin
Source Database: Reslit

The impact of therapeutic-dose induced intestinal enrofloxacin concentrations in healthy pigs on fecal Escherichia coli populations.

PMID 33032597 · 2020

Mutation in quinolone resistance-determining region

Mutation Information

parE: p.E404K

Protein Change: E404K
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: enrofloxacin
Validation Method: PCR and sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Trends in Population Dynamics of Escherichia coli Sequence Type 131, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 2006-2016

PMID 33219650 · 2020

Mutation Information

parE: p.E460D parE: p.L445H parE: p.I529L

Protein Change: I529L
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|levofloxacin
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

Characterization of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Jurong Lake, Singapore with Whole-Genome-Sequencing.

PMID 33499011 · 2021

Mutation Information

Protein Change: E460D, L445H, I529L
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Source Database: Reslit

Molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli from broiler breeder farms.

PMID 34182220 · 2021

Mutations in parE are associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

Mutation Information

parE: p.I464F parE: p.S458A

Protein Change: I464F, S458A
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|enrofloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

100

Antibiotic resistance of Mycoplasma Synoviae strains isolated in China from 2016 to 2019.

PMID 34980113 · 2022

Mutation Information

parE: p.P197S

Protein Change: P197S
Organisms: Mycoplasma synoviae
Confers Resistance To: enrofloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing and MIC testing
Source Database: Reslit

101

Whole-Genome Sequencing of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli From Human Infections in Finland Revealed Isolates Belonging to Internationally Successful ST131-C1-M27 Subclade but Distinct From Non-human Sources.

PMID 35058905 · 2021

Chromosomal quinolone resistance mutations in parE

Mutation Information

parE: p.I529L parE: p.L416F

Protein Change: I529L, L416F
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: mutation detection in isolates
Source Database: Reslit

102

Clinical and Microbiological Characterization of Bloodstream Infections Caused by Mycoplasma hominis: An Overlooked Pathogen.

PMID 35286659 · 2022

Mutation Information

parE: p.V417I

Protein Change: V417I
Organisms: Mycoplasma hominis
Confers Resistance To: levofloxacin
Validation Method: molecular analysis
Source Database: Reslit

103

Draft Genome Sequence of a Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Sequence Type 44 Strain Carrying Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance Genes.

PMID 35323043 · 2022

Mutation Information

parE: p.E466Q

Protein Change: E466Q
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Source Database: Reslit

104

Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains in Kuwait.

PMID 35336083 · 2022

Mutation Information

parE: p.S458A parE: p.I355T

Protein Change: S458A, I355T
Organisms: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: whole genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

105

In vitro evolution of ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria commensals and derived mutation population dynamics in natural Neisseria populations.

PMID 39788725 · 2025

Mutations in ParE were found in various Neisseria species and associated with elevated ciprofloxacin MICs.

Mutation Information

parE: p.R320S

Protein Change: R320S
Organisms: Neisseria cinerea
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: whole genome sequencing and MIC testing; experimental evolution and MIC testing
Source Database: Reslit

106

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori reshapes gut microbiota and facilitates the evolution of antimicrobial resistance through gene transfer and genomic mutations in the gut.

PMID 40000989 · 2025

Genomic mutations in parE contributed to resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin.

Mutation Information

parE: p.E461Q

Protein Change: E461Q
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: whole genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

107

Wastewater based genomic surveillance key to population level monitoring of AmpC/ESBL producing Escherichia coli.

PMID 40033002 · 2025

Mutation Information

Protein Change: I529L
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: whole genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

108

Prevalence and characterization of ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica spp. isolated from food animals during 2010-2023 in South Korea.

PMID 40091866 · 2025

Mutation Information

parE: p.S458A parE: p.I355T parE: p.L416F

Protein Change: L416F
Organisms: Salmonella enterica
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing and mutation analysis
Source Database: Reslit

109

Predomination of hypervirulent ST283 and genetic diversity of levofloxacin resistance in multidrug-resistant, hypervirulent Streptococcus agalactiae in Thailand.

PMID 40100264 · 2025

Mutation Information

parE: p.H221Y

Protein Change: H221Y
Organisms: Streptococcus agalactiae
Confers Resistance To: levofloxacin
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing and AMR profiling
Source Database: Reslit

110

Genomic insights into antimicrobial resistance and virulence of E. coli in central Ethiopia: a one health approach.

PMID 40556891 · 2025

Mutation Information

Protein Change: S458A, I355T, L416F
Organisms: E. coli
Confers Resistance To: nalidixic acid|ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: chromosomal mutation analysis
Source Database: Reslit

111

Variable In Vitro Efficacy of Delafloxacin on Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Detection of Delafloxacin Resistance Determinants.

PMID 40558132 · 2025

mutation in quinolone-resistance-determining region

Mutation Information

parE: p.T223A parE: p.E459V parE: p.V200M

Protein Change: T223A, E459V, V200M
Organisms: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

112

Analyzing Shigella in Wuhan: Serotypes, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Public Health Implications.

PMID 40756687 · 2025

Mutation Information

parE: p.S458A parE: p.G408D

Protein Change: S458A, G408D
Organisms: Shigella flexneri
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|levofloxacin
Source Database: Reslit

113

Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to Zoliflodacin and Quinolones in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan.

PMID 40872341 · 2025

associated with high non-susceptibility to quinolones

Mutation Information

parE: p.D437N parE: p.P456S

Protein Change: D437N, P456S
Organisms: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|garenoxacin|sitafloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing analysis
Source Database: Reslit

114

Molecular characterization of mcr-1.1-harboring multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from chicken in the United Arab Emirates: implications for one health surveillance.

PMID 41640947 · 2025

Mutation in parE contributes to fluoroquinolone resistance

Mutation Information

Protein Change: S458A
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: whole genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

115

Genetic diversity of fluoroquinolone-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates and the first identification of serotype 20B in China.

PMID 24091745 · 2014

Mutation Information

Protein Change: D435N
Organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To: levofloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

116

High resolution melting analysis for rapid mutation screening in gyrase and Topoisomerase IV genes in quinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica.

PMID 25371903 · 2014

missense mutation

Mutation Information

parE: p.M438I

Protein Change: M438I
Organisms: Salmonella enterica
Confers Resistance To: nalidixic acid
Validation Method: DNA sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

117

Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from patients with community-onset infections in 30 Chinese county hospitals.

PMID 25520451 · 2015

Mutation Information

Protein Change: S458A
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

118

'Supermutators' found amongst highly levofloxacin-resistant E. coli isolates: a rapid protocol for the detection of mutation sites.

PMID 26038761 · 2015

The parE-S458A mutation was strongly associated with R/HR isolates.

Mutation Information

parE: p.V417T parE: p.T417V

Protein Change: S458A
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: levofloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing of PCR amplicons
Source Database: Reslit

119

Emergence of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi in Italy.

PMID 26121266 · 2015

Mutation Information

parE: p.S493F

Protein Change: S493F
Organisms: Salmonella enterica
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: PCR and nucleotide sequence analysis
Source Database: Reslit

120

Antibiotic Susceptibility and Sequence Type Distribution of Ureaplasma Species Isolated from Genital Samples in Switzerland.

PMID 26195516 · 2015

Val417Thr detected in U. parvum serovar 1 and Thr417Val detected in U. urealyticum

Mutation Information

Protein Change: V417T, T417V
Organisms: Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes
Source Database: Reslit

121

Next generation genome sequencing reveals phylogenetic clades with different level of virulence among Salmonella Typhimurium clinical human isolates in Hong Kong.

PMID 26370680 · 2015

Mutation Information

parE: p.L416F parE: p.S458P

Protein Change: L416F, S458P
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: genomic sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

122

A role for the bacterial GATC methylome in antibiotic stress survival.

PMID 26998690 · 2016

Mutation Information

parE: p.E351K

Protein Change: E351K
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: whole-genome Illumina sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

123

Molecular characterization of fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and imipenem resistance in Haemophilus influenzae: analysis of the mutations in QRDRs and assessment of the extent of the AcrAB-TolC-mediated resistance.

PMID 30145620 · 2018

parE

Mutation Information

parE: p.D420N

Protein Change: D420N
Organisms: Haemophilus influenzae
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|levofloxacin|moxifloxacinquinolones
Effect on Function: DNA topoisomerase IV subunit B ParE
Validation Method: amino acid substitutions in GyrA (Ser84 and Asp88), ParC (Ser84), and ParE (Asp420)
Source Database: ReslitReference Gene Catalog

124

The Resistome, Mobilome, Virulome and Phylogenomics of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Clinical Isolates from Pretoria, South Africa.

PMID 31712587 · 2019

Mutations in parE contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance.

Mutation Information

parE: p.V136I parE: p.S458A parE: p.T172A

Protein Change: V136I, S458A, T172A
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolonesciprofloxacin|levofloxacin|moxifloxacin
Validation Method: PCR and sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

125

Quinolone antibiotics.

PMID 31803393 · 2019

Mutation Information

Protein Change: L416F
Confers Resistance To: quinolones
Validation Method: reported in cited literature
Source Database: Reslit

126

Spread of multidrug resistance among Ureaplasma serovars, Tunisia.

PMID 31998474 · 2020

Mutation Information

parE: p.P446S

Protein Change: P446S
Organisms: Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum
Confers Resistance To: ofloxacin|ciprofloxacin|levofloxacin
Validation Method: PCR amplification and sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

127

Genomic Characterization of Antibiotic Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated From Domestic Chickens in Pakistan.

PMID 32010104 · 2019

Mutation Information

parE: p.I464F

Protein Change: I464F
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: whole genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

128

Population Bottlenecks Strongly Influence the Evolutionary Trajectory to Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Escherichia coli.

PMID 32031639 · 2020

Mutation in drug target gene

Mutation Information

parE: p.D401G

Protein Change: D401G
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

129

Comparative analysis of multidrug resistance plasmids and genetic background of CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli recovered from captive wild animals.

PMID 32488312 · 2020

Mutations in quinolone resistance-determining region

Mutation Information

parE: p.N404S parE: p.K568N parE: p.I575T parE: p.E401K

Protein Change: S458A
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|levofloxacin|norfloxacin|lomefloxacin|ofloxacin
Source Database: Reslit

130

Resistome, mobilome, and virulome explored in clinical isolates derived from acne patients in Egypt: unveiling unique traits of an emerging coagulase-negative Staphylococcus pathogen.

PMID 38371297 · 2024

Mutation Information

Protein Change: N404S, K568N, I575T, E401K
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: genomic detection; genomic analysis
Source Database: Reslit

131

Prevalence and molecular characterization of multi-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from clinical bovine mastitis in China.

PMID 38478400 · 2024

Mutation Information

Protein Change: S458A
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

132

Genomic characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing and carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli from urban wastewater in Australia.

PMID 38488803 · 2024

Mutation Information

Protein Change: S458A
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|norfloxacin
Validation Method: genomic characterization
Source Database: Reslit

133

Fluoroquinolone resistance in complicated urinary tract infections: association with the increased occurrence and diversity of Escherichia coli of clonal complex 131, together with ST1193.

PMID 38510968 · 2024

Mutation associated with fluoroquinolone resistance

Mutation Information

Protein Change: I529L
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: sequencing and in vitro expression
Source Database: Reslit

134

Genomic analysis of Salmonella isolated from canal water in Bangkok, Thailand.

PMID 38563788 · 2024

Mutation Information

parE: p.S458A parE: p.E406A parE: p.E460A

Protein Change: S458P
Organisms: Salmonella enterica
Confers Resistance To: quinolones
Validation Method: whole genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

135

Short reads-based characterization of pathotype diversity and drug resistance among Escherichia coli isolated from patients attending regional referral hospitals in Tanzania.

PMID 38671498 · 2024

Mutation Information

parE: p.E466Q

Protein Change: E466Q
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|nalidixic acid
Validation Method: whole genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

136

The complete genome sequence of unculturable Mycoplasma faucium obtained through clinical metagenomic next-generation sequencing.

PMID 38694516 · 2024

This mutation was previously reported in two M. hominis strains.

Mutation Information

parE: p.A463S

Protein Change: A463S
Organisms: Mycoplasma faucium
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: sequence analysis
Source Database: Reslit

137

Alterations in topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase in quinolone-resistant mutants of Mycoplasma hominis obtained in vitro.

PMID 9736554 · 1998

Mutation Information

parE: p.D426N

Protein Change: D426N
Organisms: Mycoplasma hominis
Confers Resistance To: ofloxacin|sparfloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

138

Fluoroquinolone resistance mutations in the parC, parE, and gyrA genes of clinical isolates of viridans group streptococci.

PMID 9797205 · 1998

A novel sense mutation affecting the ParE subunit

Mutation Information

parE: p.P424Q

Protein Change: P424Q
Organisms: Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Effect on Function: confers resistance
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

139

Quinolone resistance mechanisms among extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli isolated from rivers and lakes in Switzerland.

PMID 24755830 · 2014

Mutation Information

Protein Change: S458A, E406A, E460A
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: nalidixic acid|ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: PCR and sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

140

Two novel mutations in parE among Shigella flexneri isolated from Jiangsu Province of China, 2016.

PMID 30211194 · 2018

The mutation Ser458Leu was found in 2 isolates and conferred resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin.

Mutation Information

parE: p.S458L

Protein Change: S458L
Organisms: Shigella flexneri
Confers Resistance To: nalidixic acid|ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

141

Resolution of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli keratitis with a PROSE device for enhanced targeted antibiotic delivery.

PMID 30272036 · 2018

Mutation Information

parE: p.A364V parE: p.T447A parE: p.L416F parE: p.S339L parE: p.A365S

Protein Change: L416F
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: reference broth microdilution
Source Database: Reslit

142

Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi in Bangladesh: Exploration of Genomic Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance.

PMID 30425150 · 2018

Mutations in parE are associated with ciprofloxacin resistance.

Mutation Information

Protein Change: A364V, T447A, L416F, S339L, A365S
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: correlation with ciprofloxacin resistance
Source Database: Reslit

143

The phylogeography and incidence of multi-drug resistant typhoid fever in sub-Saharan Africa.

PMID 30504848 · 2018

Mutations in QRDR

Mutation Information

parE: p.E39K

Protein Change: E39K
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|ofloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing and QRDR analysis
Source Database: Reslit

144

Mycoplasmas under experimental antimicrobial selection: The unpredicted contribution of horizontal chromosomal transfer.

PMID 30668569 · 2019

Mutation Information

parE: p.R420H

Protein Change: R420H
Confers Resistance To: enrofloxacin
Validation Method: whole genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

145

Persistence and Microevolution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung: A Single-Patient Longitudinal Genomic Study.

PMID 30692969 · 2018

Mutations in parE are associated with fluoroquinolone resistance

Mutation Information

parE: p.R30C parE: p.H59R parE: c.G176A parE: c.T88C

Protein Change: R30C, H59R
Nucleotide Change: G176A, T88C
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|levofloxacin
Validation Method: whole genome sequencing and association with fluoroquinolone resistance; whole genome sequencing and comparison with susceptible isolates
Source Database: Reslit

146

Resistance and Virulence Mechanisms of Escherichia coli Selected by Enrofloxacin in Chicken

PMID 30803968 · 2019

Mutation Information

parE: p.S458E

Protein Change: S458E
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: enrofloxacin
Validation Method: DNA sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

147

Prevalence and mechanism of fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis in Japan.

PMID 30886932 · 2019

Mutation Information

parE: p.D420N

Protein Change: D420N
Organisms: Proteus mirabilis
Confers Resistance To: levofloxacin
Validation Method: PCR amplification and direct DNA sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

148

Effects of a previously selected antibiotic resistance on mutations acquired during development of a second resistance in Escherichia coli.

PMID 30975082 · 2019

Mutations in parE were observed in wild-type E. coli adapted to enrofloxacin.

Mutation Information

parE: p.E459Q parE: p.S425P

Protein Change: E459Q, S425P
Organisms: E. coli
Confers Resistance To: enrofloxacin
Validation Method: Whole genome sequencing and MIC measurements
Source Database: Reslit

149

In Vitro and In Vivo Activity of Zabofloxacin and Other Fluoroquinolones Against MRSA Isolates from A University Hospital in Egypt.

PMID 31050254 · 2019

Mutation Information

parE: p.P451S

Protein Change: P451S
Organisms: Staphylococcus aureus
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: PCR amplification and sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

150

Isolation of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli from Japanese red fox (Vulpes vulpes japonica).

PMID 36314755 · 2022

Mutation Information

Protein Change: I529L
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Source Database: Reslit

151

Genetic Predictive Factors for Nonsusceptible Phenotypes and Multidrug Resistance in Expanded-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Uropathogenic Escherichia coli from a Multicenter Cohort: Insights into the Phenotypic and Genetic Basis of Coresistance.

PMID 36377882 · 2022

Mutation Information

parE: p.S458A parE: p.I529L

Protein Change: I529L
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolonesciprofloxacin|levofloxacin
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing and phenotypic analysis; whole-genome sequencing and susceptibility testing
Source Database: Reslit

152

Detection and characterization of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and additional co-existence with mcr genes from river water in northern Thailand.

PMID 36405029 · 2022

Mutation Information

Protein Change: S458A, I529L
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Source Database: Reslit

153

Parallel Evolution to Elucidate the Contributions of PA0625 and parE to Ciprofloxacin Sensitivity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

PMID 36677304 · 2022

The ParE R586W substitution does not contribute to resistance but confers tolerance against ciprofloxacin.

Mutation Information

parE: p.R586W

Protein Change: R586W
Organisms: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: gene editing and ciprofloxacin susceptibility assay
Source Database: Reslit

154

One health clones of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli carried by synanthropic animals in Brazil.

PMID 36691392 · 2023

Mutation Information

parE: p.E460D parE: p.I355T parE: p.I529L parE: p.I464F parE: p.L416F parE: p.L445H parE: p.S458A parE: p.S458T

Protein Change: S458A
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|levofloxacin|enrofloxacin
Source Database: Reslit

155

An ST131 clade and a phylogroup A clade bearing an O101-like O-antigen cluster predominate among bloodstream Escherichia coli isolates from South-West Nigeria hospitals.

PMID 36748556 · 2022

Mutations in parE contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance.

Mutation Information

Protein Change: E460D, I355T, I529L, I464F, L416F, L445H, S458A, S458T
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|nalidixic acid
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing and susceptibility testing
Source Database: Reslit

156

Quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli at the interface between humans, poultry and their shared environment- a potential public health risk.

PMID 36855171 · 2023

Single substitution

Mutation Information

parE: p.S458A parE: p.L416F parE: p.I355T

Protein Change: S458A, L416F, I355T
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|nalidixic acidfluoroquinolones
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

157

Fluoroquinolone resistance among fecal extended spectrum βeta lactamases positive Enterobacterales isolates from children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

PMID 36882712 · 2023

Mutation Information

parE: p.D87N

Protein Change: D87N
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: chromosomal mutations in g yrA , parC and parE were detected among 19/42 isolates, and all were in E. coli.
Source Database: Reslit

158

Discovery of a novel sub-lineage of multi-drug resistant Shigella flexneri in Southern California.

PMID 36990199 · 2023

chromosomal mutation

Mutation Information

parE: p.S458A parE: p.L416F parE: p.I529L

Protein Change: S458A
Organisms: Shigella flexneri
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Source Database: Reslit

159

Genome profiling of uropathogenic E. coli from strictly defined community-acquired UTI in paediatric patients: a multicentric study.

PMID 37072773 · 2023

Mutation Information

Protein Change: S458A, L416F, I529L
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Source Database: Reslit

160

Genomic Characterization of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Tertiary Hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

PMID 37108743 · 2023

Mutation Information

parE: p.I529L parE: p.L416F

Protein Change: I529L, L416F
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|levofloxacin|nalidixic acid
Validation Method: Whole genome sequencing and in silico analysis
Source Database: Reslit

161

Current State of Knowledge Regarding WHO High Priority Pathogens-Resistance Mechanisms and Proposed Solutions through Candidates Such as Essential Oils: A Systematic Review.

PMID 37298678 · 2023

mutations in the parE gene confer resistance to fluoroquinolones in N. gonorrhoeae

Mutation Information

parE: p.E439K

Protein Change: E439K
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: reported in cited literature
Source Database: Reslit

162

Investigation of Delafloxacin Resistance in Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains and the Detection of E. coli ST43 International High-Risk Clone.

PMID 37375104 · 2023

mutations in QRDR of parE contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance

Mutation Information

parE: p.I460V parE: p.G475K

Protein Change: I529L
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: delafloxacin|ciprofloxacin|levofloxacin|moxifloxacin
Source Database: Reslit

163

Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae with high-level resistance to cefuroxime, levofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

PMID 37407940 · 2023

Mutation Information

parE: p.S145N

Protein Change: S145N
Organisms: non-typeable Haemophilus
Confers Resistance To: levofloxacin|ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: genomic variation analysis
Source Database: Reslit

164

Serotype replacement and an increase in non-encapsulated isolates among community-acquired infections of Streptococcus pneumoniae during post-vaccine era in Japan.

PMID 37554357 · 2023

Mutation Information

Protein Change: I460V, G475K
Organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To: levofloxacin
Validation Method: direct sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

165

Multidrug Resistance Profiles and Resistance Mechanisms to β-Lactams and Fluoroquinolones in Bacterial Isolates from Hospital Wastewater in Bangladesh.

PMID 37623228 · 2023

Mutation Information

parE: p.S458A parE: p.I529L

Protein Change: S458A, I529L
Organisms: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp.
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing and mutation analysis
Source Database: Reslit

166

Species Profiles and Antimicrobial Resistance of Non-aureus Staphylococci Isolated from Healthy Broilers, Farm Environments, and Farm Workers.

PMID 37701746 · 2023

Mutation Information

parE: p.T379K

Protein Change: T379K
Organisms: Staphylococcus simulans
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

167

Fluoroquinolone resistance determinants in carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from urine clinical samples in Thailand.

PMID 37953793 · 2023

most common mutation

Mutation Information

Protein Change: S458A
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|levofloxacin
Effect on Function: resistance
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing; sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

168

Molecular epidemiology and pathogenomics of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing- Escherichia coli and - Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from bulk tank milk in Tennessee, USA.

PMID 38029210 · 2023

Mutation in parE contributes to fluoroquinolone resistance.

Mutation Information

parE: p.D420N parE: p.S458A parE: p.S458T

Protein Change: L416F
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|nalidixic acid
Validation Method: Genome sequencing and gene characterization
Source Database: Reslit

169

Escherichia coli sequence type 410 with carbapenemases: a paradigm shift within E. coli toward multidrug resistance.

PMID 38193668 · 2024

associated with fluoroquinolone resistance

parE

Mutation Information

parE: p.S458L

Protein Change: S458L
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|levofloxacinquinolones
Effect on Function: DNA topoisomerase IV subunit B ParE
Source Database: ReslitReference Gene Catalog

170

Contribution of topoisomerase IV mutation to quinolone resistance in Mycoplasma genitalium.

PMID 23357772 · 2013

Mutation Information

parE: p.N466K

Protein Change: N466K
Organisms: Mycoplasma genitalium
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|garenoxacin|moxifloxacin|gatifloxacin|sparfloxacin|tosufloxacin|levofloxacin|fleroxacin|norfloxacin|clinafloxacin|nadifloxacin|pazufloxacin
Validation Method: mutant strain selection and MIC testing
Source Database: Reslit

171

Acquired genetic mechanisms of a multiresistant bacterium isolated from a treatment plant receiving wastewater from antibiotic production.

PMID 24038701 · 2013

Mutations in quinolone target genes

Mutation Information

parE: p.R135H

Protein Change: R135H
Organisms: Ochrobactrum intermedium
Confers Resistance To: quinolones
Validation Method: genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

172

Molecular Analysis of Rising Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Belgian Non-Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates (1995-2014).

PMID 27227336 · 2016

Mutation Information

parE: p.I460V

Protein Change: I460V
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|ofloxacin|levofloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing and MIC testing
Source Database: Reslit

173

First Occurrence of OXA-72-Producing Acinetobacter baumannii in Serbia.

PMID 27431216 · 2016

Mutations in gyrA and parC have previously been shown to be responsible for resistance to fluoroquinolones in Acinetobacter species

Mutation Information

parE: p.V237A

Protein Change: V237A
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

174

Genome Sequence of Kocuria polaris Strain CD08_4, an Isolate from the Duodenal Mucosa of a Celiac Disease Patient.

PMID 29074657 · 2017

Mutation Information

parE: p.S87F

Protein Change: S87F
Organisms: Kocuria polaris
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: genomic analysis
Source Database: Reslit

175

Exploring the Genome and Phenotype of Multi-Drug Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae of Clinical Origin.

PMID 29109700 · 2017

Mutation Information

parE: p.Q460P

Protein Change: Q460P
Organisms: Klebsiella pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|levofloxacin|moxifloxacin
Validation Method: Sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

176

Chromosomal mutations that accompany qnr in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli.

PMID 29360506 · 2018

Mutation Information

Protein Change: D420N, S458A, S458T
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

177

Laboratory and molecular surveillance of paediatric typhoidal Salmonella in Nepal: Antimicrobial resistance and implications for vaccine policy.

PMID 29684021 · 2018

Mutation in the QRDR of parE contributes to fluoroquinolone resistance.

Mutation Information

parE: p.A364V

Protein Change: A364V
Organisms: Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: whole genome sequencing and SNP analysis
Source Database: Reslit

178

Whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial resistance in Brucella melitensis from a Norwegian perspective.

PMID 29867163 · 2018

Mutation in parE was not associated with fluoroquinolone resistance as determined by phenotypic testing.

Mutation Information

parE: p.N79S

Protein Change: N79S
Organisms: Brucella melitensis
Confers Resistance To: fluoroquinolones
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

179

Emergence of CTX-M-27-producing Escherichia coli of ST131 and clade C1-M27 in an impacted ecosystem with international maritime traffic in South America.

PMID 32167559 · 2020

Mutation Information

parE: p.R448K parE: p.A481T parE: p.A481V

Protein Change: I529L
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Source Database: Reslit

180

Phylogenetic Grouping of Human Ocular Escherichia coli Based on Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis.

PMID 32192112 · 2020

Mutation Information

parE: p.G238S

Protein Change: G238S
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|nalidixic acid
Validation Method: ResFinder 3.2
Source Database: Reslit

181

Antimicrobial Resistance in Clinical Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis and Structural Mechanisms Underlying Quinolone Resistance.

PMID 32229497 · 2020

mutations in ParE are associated with quinolone resistance

Mutation Information

Protein Change: R448K, A481T, A481V
Confers Resistance To: levofloxacin|moxifloxacin
Validation Method: sequencing and MIC testing
Source Database: Reslit

182

Discovery of seven novel mutations of gyrB, parC and parE in Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi strains from Jiangsu Province of China.

PMID 32355184 · 2020

Mutations in parE contribute to quinolone resistance

Mutation Information

parE: p.S498T parE: p.V560G parE: p.I444S parE: p.Y434S

Protein Change: S498T, V560G, I444S, Y434S
Organisms: Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin
Validation Method: PCR and sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

183

Genomic profiling of antimicrobial resistance genes in clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi from patients infected with Typhoid fever in India.

PMID 32427945 · 2020

Mutation Information

parE: p.D420N parE: p.L416F

Protein Change: D420N, L416F
Organisms: Salmonella Typhi
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|pefloxacin
Validation Method: whole genome sequencing
Source Database: Reslit

184

Comparative Genome Analyses of Wild Type- and Quinolone Resistant Escherichia coli Indicate Dissemination of QREC in the Norwegian Broiler Breeding Pyramid.

PMID 32508776 · 2020

Mutation Information

parE: p.D475E

Protein Change: D475E
Organisms: Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To: ciprofloxacin|nalidixic acid
Validation Method: genomic analysis
Source Database: Reslit

185

Whole Genome Sequencing and Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Bacterial Strains Isolated From a Norwegian University Campus Pond.

PMID 32625184 · 2020

Mutation Information